Terms Used In California Codes > Elections Code > Division 7 > Part 5 - PEACE AND FREEDOM PARTY

• Action: means an action for partition under this title. See California Code of Civil Procedure 872.010
• Affidavit: A written statement of facts confirmed by the oath of the party making it, before a notary or officer having authority to administer oaths.
• Affiliate: means a person who, directly or indirectly through one or more intermediaries, controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with, a specified person. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• Affirmed: In the practice of the appellate courts, the decree or order is declared valid and will stand as rendered in the lower court.
• Allegation: something that someone says happened.
• Amendment: A proposal to alter the text of a pending bill or other measure by striking out some of it, by inserting new language, or both. Before an amendment becomes part of the measure, thelegislature must agree to it.
• Amortization: Paying off a loan by regular installments.
• Annual percentage rate: The cost of credit at a yearly rate. It is calculated in a standard way, taking the average compound interest rate over the term of the loan so borrowers can compare loans. Lenders are required by law to disclose a card account's APR. ^{Source: FDIC}
• Annuity: A periodic (usually annual) payment of a fixed sum of money for either the life of the recipient or for a fixed number of years. A series of payments under a contract from an insurance company, a trust company, or an individual. Annuity payments are made at regular intervals over a period of more than one full year.
• Answer: The formal written statement by a defendant responding to a civil complaint and setting forth the grounds for defense.
• Appeal: A request made after a trial, asking another court (usually the court of appeals) to decide whether the trial was conducted properly. To make such a request is "to appeal" or "to take an appeal." One who appeals is called the appellant.
• Applicant: means a person who has applied for a state gambling license, a key employee license, a registration, a finding of suitability, a work permit, a manufacturer's or distributor's license, or an approval of any act or transaction for which the approval or authorization of the commission or department is required or permitted under this chapter. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• Appraisal: A determination of property value.
• Arrest: Taking physical custody of a person by lawful authority.
• Attachment: A procedure by which a person's property is seized to pay judgments levied by the court.
• Bail: Security given for the release of a criminal defendant or witness from legal custody (usually in the form of money) to secure his/her appearance on the day and time appointed.
• Bankruptcy: Refers to statutes and judicial proceedings involving persons or businesses that cannot pay their debts and seek the assistance of the court in getting a fresh start. Under the protection of the bankruptcy court, debtors may discharge their debts, perhaps by paying a portion of each debt. Bankruptcy judges preside over these proceedings.
• Beneficiary: A person who is entitled to receive the benefits or proceeds of a will, trust, insurance policy, retirement plan, annuity, or other contract. ^{Source: OCC}
• Bequeath: To gift property by will.
• Bequest: Property gifted by will.
• Board: as used in this chapter means the California Horse Racing Board. See California Business and Professions Code 19700
• board: as used in this chapter means the Medical Board of California. See California Business and Professions Code 2002
• Board: means the Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology and Hearing Aid Dispensers Board. See California Business and Professions Code 2530.2
• Board: means the State Public Works Board. See California Government Code 15802
• Bureau: refers to the Bureau of Household Goods and Services, as established in Section 9810. See California Business and Professions Code 19225.5
• candidate: includes any officeholder who is subject to a recall election. See California Elections Code 305
• Case law: The law as laid down in cases that have been decided in the decisions of the courts.
• Caucus: From the Algonquian Indian language, a caucus meant "to meet together." An informal organization of members of the legislature that exists to discuss issues of mutual concern and possibly to perform legislative research and policy planning for its members. There are regional, political or ideological, ethnic, and economic-based caucuses.
• certificate: as used in this chapter are deemed to be synonomous. See California Business and Professions Code 2040
• Cigarette: means a cigarette as defined in §. See California Health and Safety Code 14950
• Cigarette lighter: includes a device, such as a watch, that may be used to light cigarettes, cigars, and pipes even though it is primarily used for other purposes. See California Health and Safety Code 14941
• City: includes city and county. See California Business and Professions Code 18
• City: includes "city and county" and "incorporated town" but does not include "unincorporated town" or "village. See California Government Code 20
• Commission: means the California Gambling Control Commission. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• commission: means the Student Aid Commission created by this article. See California Education Code 69515
• Common law: The legal system that originated in England and is now in use in the United States. It is based on judicial decisions rather than legislative action.
• Construction: includes the extension, enlargement, repair, renovation, restoration, improvement, furnishing, and equipping of any public building. See California Government Code 15802
• Container: as used in this chapter , includes a "milk case. See California Food and Agricultural Code 34504
• Controlled gambling: means to deal, operate, carry on, conduct, maintain, or expose for play any controlled game. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• Controlled game: means any controlled game, as defined by subdivision (e) of Section 337j of the Penal Code. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• Conviction: A judgement of guilt against a criminal defendant.
• Corporation: includes a corporation, a company, a limited liability company, an association, and a joint stock association. See California Business and Professions Code 19225.5
• Counterclaim: A claim that a defendant makes against a plaintiff.
• County: includes city and county. See California Business and Professions Code 17
• County: includes city and county. See California Food and Agricultural Code 29
• County: includes city and county. See California Health and Safety Code 14
• County: includes "city and county. See California Public Resources Code 14
• County: includes city and county. See California Family Code 67
• Credit report: A detailed report of an individual's credit history prepared by a credit bureau and used by a lender in determining a loan applicant's creditworthiness. ^{Source: OCC}
• Dealer: means a person who is a grantee of a dealership situated in this state. See California Civil Code 81
• Dealership: means a contract or agreement, either express or implied, whether oral or written, between two or more persons, by which a person is granted the right to sell or distribute goods or services, or to use a trade name, trademark, service mark, logotype, or advertising or other commercial symbol, in which there is a community of interest in the business of offering, selling, or distributing goods or services at wholesale, or at retail, by lease, agreement, or otherwise. See California Civil Code 81
• Department: means the California Department of Tax and Fee Administration. See California Health and Safety Code 14950
• Department: refers to the Department of Consumer Affairs. See California Business and Professions Code 19225.5
• Department: means the Department of Justice. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• department: means State Department of Health Services. See California Health and Safety Code 20
• Dependent: A person dependent for support upon another.
• Devise: To gift property by will.
• Director: refers to the Director of Consumer Affairs. See California Business and Professions Code 19225.5
• Director: means a director of a corporation or a person performing similar functions with respect to any organization. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• Distributor: means a distributor as defined in §. See California Health and Safety Code 14950
• Division of Licensing: shall be deemed to refer to the board. See California Business and Professions Code 2002
• Donor: The person who makes a gift.
• Earthquake hazard mitigation technologies: includes , but is not limited to, seismic isolation, energy dissipation, ductility, damping systems, and other technologies which endeavor to reasonably protect buildings and nonstructural components, building contents, and functional capability from earthquake damage. See California Health and Safety Code 16100
• Election: means any election including a primary that is provided for under this code. See California Elections Code 318
• Elections official: means any of the following:

  California Elections Code 320

• Elector: means a person who is a United States citizen 18 years of age or older and, except as specified in subdivision (b), is a resident of an election precinct in this state on or before the day of an election. See California Elections Code 321
• Embezzlement: In most states, embezzlement is defined as theft/larceny of assets (money or property) by a person in a position of trust or responsibility over those assets. Embezzlement typically occurs in the employment and corporate settings. ^{Source: OCC}
• Escheat: Reversion of real or personal property to the state when 1) a person dies without leaving a will and has no heirs, or 2) when the property (such as a bank account) has been inactive for a certain period of time. ^{Source: OCC}
• Escrow: Money given to a third party to be held for payment until certain conditions are met.
• Executor: A male person named in a will to carry out the decedent
• extramural dental facility: means any clinical facility that has contracted with an approved dental hygiene educational program for instruction in dental hygiene, that exists outside or beyond the walls, boundaries, or precincts of the primary campus of the approved program, and in which dental hygiene services are rendered. See California Business and Professions Code 1942
• Fair market value: The price at which an asset would change hands in a transaction between a willing, informed buyer and a willing, informed seller.
• Finance charge: The total cost of credit a customer must pay on a consumer loan, including interest. The Truth in Lending Act requires disclosure of the finance charge. ^{Source: OCC}
• Finding of suitability: means a finding that a person meets the qualification criteria described in subdivisions (a) and (b) of Section 19857, and that the person would not be disqualified from holding a state gambling license on any of the grounds specified in Section 19859. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• Firearm accessory: means an attachment or device designed or adapted to be inserted into, affixed onto, or used in conjunction with, a firearm which is designed, intended, or functions to alter or enhance the firing capabilities of a firearm, the lethality of the firearm, or a shooter's ability to hold, carry, or use a firearm. See California Business and Professions Code 22949.80
• Firearm industry member: means any of the following:

  California Business and Professions Code 22949.80

• Firearm-related product: means a firearm, ammunition, reloaded ammunition, a firearm precursor part, a firearm component, or a firearm accessory that meets any of the following conditions:

  California Business and Professions Code 22949.80

• Foreclosure: A legal process in which property that is collateral or security for a loan may be sold to help repay the loan when the loan is in default. ^{Source: OCC}
• Forgery: The fraudulent signing or alteration of another's name to an instrument such as a deed, mortgage, or check. The intent of the forgery is to deceive or defraud. ^{Source: OCC}
• Fraud: Intentional deception resulting in injury to another.
• Fund: means the Household Goods and Services Fund established pursuant to Section 9870. See California Business and Professions Code 19225.5
• Gambling: means to deal, operate, carry on, conduct, maintain, or expose for play a controlled game. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• Gambling enterprise: means a natural person or an entity, whether individual, corporate, or otherwise, that conducts a gambling operation and that by virtue is required to hold a state gambling license under this chapter. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• Gambling enterprise employee: means a natural person employed in the operation of a gambling enterprise, including, without limitation, dealers, floor personnel, security employees, countroom personnel, cage personnel, collection personnel, surveillance personnel, data-processing personnel, appropriate maintenance personnel, waiters and waitresses, and secretaries, or any other natural person whose employment duties require or authorize access to restricted gambling establishment areas. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• Gambling operation: means exposing for play one or more controlled games that are dealt, operated, carried on, conducted, or maintained for commercial gain. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• garbage: means any waste which consists in whole or in part of any animal waste that results from the handling, preparing, cooking, and consuming of food, including the offal from any animal carcass or from any part of an animal carcass. See California Food and Agricultural Code 10901
• Garnishment: Generally, garnishment is a court proceeding in which a creditor asks a court to order a third party who owes money to the debtor or otherwise holds assets belonging to the debtor to turn over to the creditor any of the debtor
• Gift: A voluntary transfer or conveyance of property without consideration, or for less than full and adequate consideration based on fair market value.
• Grace period: The number of days you'll have to pay your bill for purchases in full without triggering a finance charge. ^{Source: Federal Reserve}
• Hearing aid dispenser: as used in this article , means a person engaged in the practice of fitting or selling hearing aids to an individual with impaired hearing. See California Business and Professions Code 2538.14
• Hours of operation: means the period during which a gambling establishment is open to conduct the play of controlled games within a 24-hour period. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• House: means the gambling enterprise, and any owner, shareholder, partner, key employee, or landlord thereof. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• Household mover: includes every corporation or person, their lessees, trustee, receivers, or trustees appointed by any court whatsoever, engaged in the permitted or unpermitted transportation for compensation or hire as a business by means of a motor vehicle or motor vehicles being used in the transportation of used household goods and personal effects over any public highway in this state. See California Business and Professions Code 19225.5
• Indictment: The formal charge issued by a grand jury stating that there is enough evidence that the defendant committed the crime to justify having a trial; it is used primarily for felonies.
• Initial license: means the license first issued to a person authorizing that person to commence the activities authorized by that license. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• Injunction: An order of the court prohibiting (or compelling) the performance of a specific act to prevent irreparable damage or injury.
• Interest rate: The amount paid by a borrower to a lender in exchange for the use of the lender's money for a certain period of time. Interest is paid on loans or on debt instruments, such as notes or bonds, either at regular intervals or as part of a lump sum payment when the issue matures. ^{Source: OCC}
• Intestate: Dying without leaving a will.
• Key employee: means a natural person employed in the operation of a gambling enterprise in a supervisory capacity or empowered to make discretionary decisions that regulate gambling operations, including, without limitation, pit bosses, shift bosses, credit executives, cashier operations supervisors, gambling operation managers and assistant managers, managers or supervisors of security employees, or any other natural person designated as a key employee by the department for reasons consistent with the policies of this chapter. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• Key employee license: means a state license authorizing the holder to be employed as a key employee. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• Lawsuit: A legal action started by a plaintiff against a defendant based on a complaint that the defendant failed to perform a legal duty, resulting in harm to the plaintiff.
• legislative body: means the city council or board of trustees in the case of a city, the board of supervisors in the case of a county or a city and county, or the board of directors, trustees, or governors or other governing body in the case of a special district or any other municipal or public corporation or district. See California Government Code 54706
• License: means a basic permit to operate a pediatric day health and respite care facility. See California Health and Safety Code 1760.2
• License: means a gambling license, key employee license, or any other license issued by the commission pursuant to this chapter or regulations adopted pursuant to this chapter. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• License: includes "certificate" "permit" and "registration. See California Business and Professions Code 2421
• Licensed gambling establishment: means the gambling premises encompassed by a state gambling license. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• licensee: as used in this chapter means the holder of a physician's and surgeon's certificate or doctor of podiatric medicine's certificate, as the case may be, who is engaged in the professional practice authorized by the certificate under the jurisdiction of the appropriate board. See California Business and Professions Code 2041
• Licensee: includes the holder of a license. See California Business and Professions Code 2421
• Licensee: means any person authorized by a license, certificate, registration, or other means to engage in a business or profession regulated by this code or referred to in Sections 1000 and 3600. See California Business and Professions Code 23.8
• Licensing authority: means the board, which has jurisdiction over a particular licensee. See California Business and Professions Code 2421
• Limited partnership: means a partnership formed by two or more persons having as members one or more general partners and one or more limited partners. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• Little cigar: means any roll of tobacco wrapped in a leaf of tobacco or any substance containing tobacco and weighing not more than three pounds per thousand. See California Health and Safety Code 14950
• local agency: means any city, county, city and county, special district, or any other municipal corporation or district. See California Government Code 54705
• local agency: means municipal corporation or sanitary district. See California Government Code 55000
• Manufacturer: means any of the following:

  California Health and Safety Code 14950

• Marketing or advertising: means , in exchange for monetary compensation, to make a communication to one or more individuals, or to arrange for the dissemination to the public of a communication, about a product, the primary purpose of which is to encourage recipients of the communication to engage in a commercial transaction. See California Business and Professions Code 22949.80
• Minor: means a natural person under 18 years of age who resides in this state. See California Business and Professions Code 22949.80
• mobile unit: means a special purpose commercial coach as defined in Section 18012. See California Health and Safety Code 1765.105
• Mortgagee: The person to whom property is mortgaged and who has loaned the money.
• Motor vehicle: means every motor truck, tractor, or other self-propelled vehicle used for transportation of property over the public highways, other than upon fixed rails or tracks, and any trailer, semitrailer, dolly, or other vehicle drawn thereby. See California Business and Professions Code 19225.5
• Nolo contendere: No contest-has the same effect as a plea of guilty, as far as the criminal sentence is concerned, but may not be considered as an admission of guilt for any other purpose.
• Nominate: means the selection, at a state-conducted primary election, of candidates who are entitled by law to participate in the general election for that office, but does not mean any other lawful mechanism that a political party may adopt for the purposes of choosing the candidate who is preferred by the party for a nonpartisan or voter-nominated office. See California Elections Code 332.5
• Oath: A promise to tell the truth.
• Operate: means the ability to cause a cigarette lighter to ignite. See California Health and Safety Code 14941
• order: include a decree, as appropriate under the circumstances. See California Family Code 100
• Oversight: Committee review of the activities of a Federal agency or program.
• Owner: means a depositor in case of a deposit, a beneficiary in case of a trust, or creditor, claimant, or payee in case of other choses in action, or any person having a legal or equitable interest in property subject to this chapter, or his or her legal representative. See California Code of Civil Procedure 1501
• Owner licensee: means an owner of a gambling enterprise who holds a state gambling license. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• Package: means package as defined in §. See California Health and Safety Code 14950
• Parent facility: means a health facility licensed pursuant to Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 1250) of Division 2, or a clinic licensed pursuant to Chapter 1 (commencing with Section 1200) of Division 2. See California Health and Safety Code 1765.105
• Party: means a political party or organization that has qualified for participation in any primary or presidential general election. See California Elections Code 338
• Pediatric day health and respite care facility: means a facility that provides an organized program of therapeutic social and day health activities and services and limited 24-hour inpatient respite care to medically fragile children 21 years of age or younger, including terminally ill and technology-dependent patients, except as provided in paragraph (2) and Section 1763. See California Health and Safety Code 1760.2
• Peer review: is a review conducted by a multidisciplinary group of experienced technical professionals, including, but not limited to, architects and structural and geotechnical engineers who have recognized expertise in the design and performance of earthquake hazard mitigation technologies, who are independent of the subject of the review, and who are peers with the same professional registration as that of the design professionals responsible for the subject of the review. See California Health and Safety Code 16100
• Person: means a natural person, partnership, joint venture, corporation, limited liability company, or other entity. See California Civil Code 81
• Person: means any individual, partnership, corporation, limited liability company, or other organization or combination thereof, except that only individuals can be licensed under this chapter. See California Business and Professions Code 2530.2
• Person: includes an individual, a firm, or a partnership. See California Business and Professions Code 19225.5
• Person: means any person, firm, association, organization, partnership, business trust, corporation, limited liability company, or company. See California Health and Safety Code 19
• Person: includes a natural person, firm, association, organization, partnership, business trust, corporation, limited liability company, or public entity. See California Family Code 105
• Personal property: All property that is not real property.
• personal property: include money, goods, chattels, things in action, and evidences of debt. See California Civil Code 14
• Petitioner: includes plaintiff, where appropriate. See California Family Code 126
• Player: means a patron of a gambling establishment who participates in a controlled game. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• Plea: In a criminal case, the defendant's statement pleading "guilty" or "not guilty" in answer to the charges, a declaration made in open court.
• podiatric medicine: means the diagnosis, medical, surgical, mechanical, manipulative, and electrical treatment of the human foot, including the ankle and tendons that insert into the foot and the nonsurgical treatment of the muscles and tendons of the leg governing the functions of the foot. See California Business and Professions Code 2472
• Practice of fitting or selling hearing aids: as used in this article , means those practices used for the purpose of selection and adaptation of hearing aids, including direct observation of the ear, testing of hearing in connection with the fitting and selling of hearing aids, taking of ear mold impressions, fitting or sale of hearing aids, and any necessary postfitting counseling. See California Business and Professions Code 2538.11
• Precedent: A court decision in an earlier case with facts and law similar to a dispute currently before a court. Precedent will ordinarily govern the decision of a later similar case, unless a party can show that it was wrongly decided or that it differed in some significant way.
• Preliminary hearing: A hearing where the judge decides whether there is enough evidence to make the defendant have a trial.
• Presiding officer: A majority-party Senator who presides over the Senate and is charged with maintaining order and decorum, recognizing Members to speak, and interpreting the Senate's rules, practices and precedents.
• Probable cause: A reasonable ground for belief that the offender violated a specific law.
• Probation: A sentencing alternative to imprisonment in which the court releases convicted defendants under supervision as long as certain conditions are observed.
• Proceeding: includes an action. See California Family Code 110
• Program: means the Learning-Aligned Employment Program created pursuant to this article. See California Education Code 69950
• Property: includes real and personal property. See California Code of Civil Procedure 872.010
• property: includes property real and personal. See California Civil Code 14
• Property: includes real and personal property and any interest therein. See California Family Code 113
• Prosecute: To charge someone with a crime. A prosecutor tries a criminal case on behalf of the government.
• Public agency: means any state agency, any county, city and county, city, regional agency, public district, redevelopment agency, or any other political subdivision. See California Health and Safety Code 16100
• Public defender: Represent defendants who can't afford an attorney in criminal matters.
• public park: includes only a park operated by a public agency. See California Public Resources Code 5400.5
• Quality control and quality assurance program: means the laboratory procedures implemented to ensure that operator bias, systematic and nonsystematic methodological errors, and equipment-related problems do not affect the results of the testing. See California Health and Safety Code 14950
• Quorum: The number of legislators that must be present to do business.
• Real property: Land, and all immovable fixtures erected on, growing on, or affixed to the land.
• Remand: When an appellate court sends a case back to a lower court for further proceedings.
• Repeatability: means the range of values within which the repeat results of cigarette test trials from a single laboratory will fall 95 percent of the time. See California Health and Safety Code 14950
• Respite care: means day and 24-hour relief for the parent or guardian and care for the patient. See California Health and Safety Code 1760.2
• Restitution: The court-ordered payment of money by the defendant to the victim for damages caused by the criminal action.
• Retailer: means a person who engages in the sale of cigarettes, but not for the purpose of resale. See California Health and Safety Code 14950
• School building: as used in this article , means any building used, or designed to be used, for community college purposes and constructed by the state, by any city, county, or city and county, by any district of any kind within the state, by any regional occupational center or program created by or authorized to act by an agreement under joint exercise of power, or by the United States government, or any agency thereof. See California Education Code 81050
• Secretary: means the Secretary of Food and Agriculture. See California Food and Agricultural Code 35
• sell: means any transfer, exchange, or barter, in any manner or by any means whatever, or any agreement for these purposes. See California Health and Safety Code 14950
• service: includes the cost of maintaining any facility used to provide any service. See California Government Code 54708
• Service of process: The service of writs or summonses to the appropriate party.
• Settlement: Parties to a lawsuit resolve their difference without having a trial. Settlements often involve the payment of compensation by one party in satisfaction of the other party's claims.
• Special design: means a design of a cigarette lighter that results in the cigarette lighter being significantly difficult for children under five years of age to operate. See California Health and Safety Code 14941
• Special election: is a n election, the specific time for the holding of which is not prescribed by law. See California Elections Code 356
• Spouse: includes "registered domestic partner" as required by §. See California Business and Professions Code 14.2
• spouse: includes a registered domestic partner, as required by §. See California Civil Code 14
• Stamp and meter impression: means stamp and meter impression as defined in §. See California Health and Safety Code 14950
• State: means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, or a commonwealth, territory, or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. See California Family Code 145
• state agency: includes every state office, officer, department, division, bureau, board, and commission. See California Government Code 11000
• State department: means the State Department of Public Health. See California Health and Safety Code 1760.2
• state gambling license: means a license issued by the state that authorizes the person named therein to conduct a gambling operation. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• state park lands: means any lands subject to the control of the Department of Parks and Recreation. See California Food and Agricultural Code 11301
• Statute of limitations: A law that sets the time within which parties must take action to enforce their rights.
• Subpoena: A command to a witness to appear and give testimony.
• Support: refers to a support obligation owing on behalf of a child, spouse, or family, or an amount owing pursuant to Section 17402. See California Family Code 150
• Temporary restraining order: Prohibits a person from an action that is likely to cause irreparable harm. This differs from an injunction in that it may be granted immediately, without notice to the opposing party, and without a hearing. It is intended to last only until a hearing can be held.
• Testimony: Evidence presented orally by witnesses during trials or before grand juries.
• Transcript: A written, word-for-word record of what was said, either in a proceeding such as a trial or during some other conversation, as in a transcript of a hearing or oral deposition.
• Trustor: The person who makes or creates a trust. Also known as the grantor or settlor.
• Venue: The geographical location in which a case is tried.
• Verdict: The decision of a petit jury or a judge.
• Voter: means any elector who is registered under this code. See California Elections Code 359
• Wholesaler: means a wholesaler as defined in §. See California Health and Safety Code 14950
• will: includes codicil. See California Civil Code 14
• Work permit: means any card, certificate, or permit issued by the commission, or by a county, city, or city and county, whether denominated as a work permit, registration card, or otherwise, authorizing the holder to be employed as a gambling enterprise employee or to serve as an independent agent. See California Business and Professions Code 19805
• Writ: A formal written command, issued from the court, requiring the performance of a specific act.