(a) In General.—Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, this chapter shall take effect on October 1, 1997.

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(b) Regulations.—Sections 411(d), 412(c), 413(c), 414(c), 415(c), 416(c), 421(d), 425(d), 431(c), 431(d), 452(a), and 454(a) shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act.¹