23 USC 148 – Highway safety improvement program
(a)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(A)
(i) correct or improve a hazardous road location or feature; or
(ii) address a highway safety problem.
(B)
(i) An intersection safety improvement that provides for the safety of all road users, as appropriate, including a multimodal roundabout.
(ii) Pavement and shoulder widening (including addition of a passing lane to remedy an unsafe condition).
(iii) Installation of rumble strips or another warning device, if the rumble strips or other warning devices do not adversely affect the safety or mobility of bicyclists and pedestrians, including persons with disabilities.
(iv) Installation of a skid-resistant surface at an intersection or other location with a high frequency of crashes.
(v) An improvement for pedestrian or bicyclist safety or safety of persons with disabilities.
(vi) Construction and improvement of a railway-highway grade crossing safety feature, including installation of protective devices or a grade separation project.
(vii) The conduct of a model traffic enforcement activity at a railway-highway crossing.
(viii) Construction or installation of features, measures, and road designs to calm traffic and reduce vehicle speeds.
(ix) Elimination of a roadside hazard.
(x) Installation, replacement, and other improvement of highway signage and pavement markings, or a project to maintain minimum levels of retroreflectivity, that addresses a highway safety problem consistent with a State strategic highway safety plan.
(xi) Installation of a priority control system for emergency vehicles at signalized intersections.
(xii) Installation of a traffic control or other warning device at a location with high crash potential.
(xiii) Transportation safety planning.
(xiv) Collection, analysis, and improvement of safety data.
(xv) Planning integrated interoperable emergency communications equipment, operational activities, or traffic enforcement activities (including police assistance) relating to work zone safety.
(xvi) Installation of guardrails, barriers (including barriers between construction work zones and traffic lanes for the safety of road users and workers), and crash attenuators.
(xvii) The addition or retrofitting of structures or other measures to eliminate or reduce crashes involving vehicles and wildlife.
(xviii) Installation of yellow-green signs and signals at pedestrian and bicycle crossings and in school zones.
(xix) Construction and operational improvements on high risk rural roads.
(xx) Geometric improvements to a road for safety purposes that improve safety.
(xxi) A road safety audit.
(xxii) Roadway safety infrastructure improvements consistent with the recommendations included in the publication of the Federal Highway Administration entitled “Highway Design Handbook for Older Drivers and Pedestrians” (FHWA-RD-01-103), dated May 2001 or as subsequently revised and updated.
(xxiii) Truck parking facilities eligible for funding under section 1401 of the MAP-21.
(xxiv) Systemic safety improvements.
(xxv) Installation of vehicle-to-infrastructure communication equipment.
(xxvi) Installation or upgrades of traffic control devices for pedestrians and bicyclists, including pedestrian hybrid beacons and the addition of bicycle movement phases to traffic signals.
(xxvii) Roadway improvements that provide separation between pedestrians and motor vehicles or between bicyclists and motor vehicles, including medians, pedestrian crossing islands, protected bike lanes, and protected intersection features.
(xxviii) A pedestrian security feature designed to slow or stop a motor vehicle.
(xxix) A physical infrastructure safety project not described in clauses (i) through (xxviii).
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(A) that emphasizes minimizing the risk of injury or fatality to road users; and
(B) that—
(i) takes into consideration the possibility and likelihood of human error;
(ii) accommodates human injury tolerance by taking into consideration likely accident types, resulting impact forces, and the ability of the human body to withstand impact forces; and
(iii) takes into consideration vulnerable road users.
(10)
(A)
(B)
(11)
(A)
(B)
(i) promotes public awareness and informs the public regarding highway safety matters (including safety for motorcyclists, bicyclists, pedestrians, individuals with disabilities, and other road users);
(ii) facilitates enforcement of traffic safety laws;
(iii) provides infrastructure and infrastructure-related equipment to support emergency services;
(iv) conducts safety-related research to evaluate experimental safety countermeasures or equipment; or
(v) supports safe routes to school noninfrastructure-related activities described in section 208(g)(2).
(12)
(13)
(A) is developed after consultation with—
(i) a highway safety representative of the Governor of the State;
(ii) regional transportation planning organizations and metropolitan planning organizations, if any;
(iii) representatives of major modes of transportation;
(iv) State and local traffic enforcement officials;
(v) a highway-rail grade crossing safety representative of the Governor of the State;
(vi) representatives conducting a motor carrier safety program under section 31102, 31106, or 31309 of title 49;
(vii) motor vehicle administration agencies;
(viii) county transportation officials;
(ix) State representatives of nonmotorized users; and
(x) other major Federal, State, tribal, and local safety stakeholders;
(B) analyzes and makes effective use of State, regional, local, or tribal safety data;
(C) addresses engineering, management, operation, education, enforcement, and emergency services elements (including integrated, interoperable emergency communications) of highway safety as key factors in evaluating highway projects;
(D) considers safety needs of, and high-fatality segments of, all public roads, including non-State-owned public roads and roads on tribal land;
(E) considers the results of State, regional, or local transportation and highway safety planning processes;
(F) describes a program of strategies to reduce or eliminate safety hazards;
(G) includes a vulnerable road user safety assessment;
(H) is approved by the Governor of the State or a responsible State agency;
(I) is consistent with section 135(g); and
(J) is updated and submitted to the Secretary for approval as required under subsection (d)(2).
(14)
(15)
(A) with a fatality analysis reporting system person attribute code that is included in the definition of the term “number of non-motorized fatalities” in Section 490.205 of Title 23, Code of Federal Regulations (or successor regulations); or
(B) described in the term “number of non-motorized serious injuries” in that section.
(16)
Terms Used In 23 USC 148
- county: includes a parish, or any other equivalent subdivision of a State or Territory of the United States. See 1 USC 2
- Damages: Money paid by defendants to successful plaintiffs in civil cases to compensate the plaintiffs for their injuries.
- Discovery: Lawyers' examination, before trial, of facts and documents in possession of the opponents to help the lawyers prepare for trial.
- Evidence: Information presented in testimony or in documents that is used to persuade the fact finder (judge or jury) to decide the case for one side or the other.
- Fiscal year: The fiscal year is the accounting period for the government. For the federal government, this begins on October 1 and ends on September 30. The fiscal year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends; for example, fiscal year 2006 begins on October 1, 2005 and ends on September 30, 2006.
- Obligation: An order placed, contract awarded, service received, or similar transaction during a given period that will require payments during the same or a future period.
- State: means a State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or any other territory or possession of the United States. See 1 USC 7
- vehicle: includes every description of carriage or other artificial contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of transportation on land. See 1 USC 4
(b)
(1)
(2)
(c)
(1)
(A) develops, implements, and updates a State strategic highway safety plan that identifies and analyzes highway safety problems and opportunities as provided in subsections (a)(13) and (d);
(B) produces a program of projects or strategies to reduce identified safety problems; and
(C) evaluates the strategic highway safety plan on a regularly recurring basis in accordance with subsection (d)(1) to ensure the accuracy of the data and priority of proposed strategies.
(2)
(A) have in place a safety data system with the ability to perform safety problem identification and countermeasure analysis—
(i) to improve the timeliness, accuracy, completeness, uniformity, integration, and accessibility of the safety data on all public roads, including non-State-owned public roads and roads on tribal land in the State;
(ii) to evaluate the effectiveness of data improvement efforts;
(iii) to link State data systems, including traffic records, with other data systems within the State;
(iv) to improve the compatibility and interoperability of safety data with other State transportation-related data systems and the compatibility and interoperability of State safety data systems with data systems of other States and national data systems;
(v) to enhance the ability of the Secretary to observe and analyze national trends in crash occurrences, rates, outcomes, and circumstances; and
(vi) to improve the collection of data on nonmotorized crashes and to differentiate the safety data for vulnerable road users, including bicyclists, motorcyclists, and pedestrians, from other road users;
(B) based on the analysis required by subparagraph (A)—
(i) identify hazardous locations, sections, and elements (including roadside obstacles, railway-highway crossing needs, and unmarked or poorly marked roads) that constitute a danger to motorists, vulnerable road users (including motorcyclists, bicyclists, pedestrians), and other highway users;
(ii) using such criteria as the State determines to be appropriate, establish the relative severity of those locations, in terms of crashes (including crash rates), fatalities, serious injuries, traffic volume levels, and other relevant data;
(iii) identify the number of fatalities and serious injuries on all public roads by location in the State;
(iv) identify highway safety improvement projects on the basis of crash experience, crash potential, crash rate, or other data-supported means; and
(v) consider which projects maximize opportunities to advance safety;
(C) adopt strategic and performance-based goals that—
(i) address traffic safety, including behavioral and infrastructure problems and opportunities on all public roads;
(ii) focus resources on areas of greatest need; and
(iii) are coordinated with other State highway safety programs;
(D) advance the capabilities of the State for safety data collection, analysis, and integration in a manner that—
(i) complements the State highway safety program under chapter 4 and the commercial vehicle safety plan under section 31102 of title 49;
(ii) includes all public roads, including public non-State-owned roads and roads on tribal land;
(iii) identifies hazardous locations, sections, and elements on all public roads that constitute a danger to motorists (including motorcyclists), bicyclists, pedestrians, persons with disabilities, and other highway users;
(iv) includes a means of identifying the relative severity of hazardous locations described in clause (iii) in terms of crashes (including crash rate), serious injuries, fatalities, and traffic volume levels;
(v) improves the ability of the State to identify the number of fatalities and serious injuries on all public roads in the State with a breakdown by functional classification and ownership in the State; and
(vi) improves the ability of the State to differentiate the fatalities and serious injuries of vulnerable road users, including bicyclists, motorcyclists, and pedestrians, from other road users;
(E)(i) determine priorities for the correction of hazardous road locations, sections, and elements (including railway-highway crossing improvements), as identified through safety data analysis;
(ii) identify opportunities for preventing the development of such hazardous conditions; and
(iii) establish and implement a schedule of highway safety improvement projects for hazard correction and hazard prevention; and
(F)(i) establish an evaluation process to analyze and assess results achieved by highway safety improvement projects carried out in accordance with procedures and criteria established by this section; and
(ii) use the information obtained under clause (i) in setting priorities for highway safety improvement projects.
(d)
(1)
(A)
(B)
(i) the findings of road safety audits;
(ii) the locations of fatalities and serious injuries;
(iii) the locations that do not have an empirical history of fatalities and serious injuries, but possess risk factors for potential crashes;
(iv) rural roads, including all public roads, commensurate with fatality data;
(v) motor vehicle crashes that include fatalities or serious injuries to pedestrians and bicyclists;
(vi) the cost-effectiveness of improvements;
(vii) improvements to rail-highway grade crossings; and
(viii) safety on all public roads, including non-State-owned public roads and roads on tribal land.
(2)
(A)
(i) update the strategic highway safety plans of the State in accordance with the requirements established by the Secretary under this subsection; and
(ii) submit the updated plans to the Secretary, along with a detailed description of the process used to update the plan.
(B)
(i) the updated strategic highway safety plan is consistent with the requirements of this subsection and subsection (a)(13); and
(ii) the process used is consistent with the requirements of this subsection.
(3)
(e)
(1)
(A) any highway safety improvement project on any public road or publicly owned bicycle or pedestrian pathway or trail;
(B) as provided in subsection (g); or
(C) any project to maintain minimum levels of retroreflectivity with respect to a public road, without regard to whether the project is included in an applicable State strategic highway safety plan.
(2)
(A)
(B)
(3)
(A)
(B)
(C)
(i)
(ii)
(f)
(1)
(A)
(B)
(i) to create, update, or enhance a highway basemap of all public roads in a State;
(ii) to collect safety data, including data identified as part of the model inventory for roadway elements, for creation of or use on a highway basemap of all public roads in a State;
(iii) to store and maintain safety data in an electronic manner;
(iv) to develop analytical processes for safety data elements;
(v) to acquire and implement roadway safety analysis tools; and
(vi) to support the collection, maintenance, and sharing of safety data on all public roads and related systems associated with the analytical usage of that data.
(2)
(A) establish a subset of the model inventory of roadway elements that are useful for the inventory of roadway safety; and
(B) ensure that States adopt and use the subset to improve data collection.
(g)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(h)
(1)
(A) describes progress being made to implement highway safety improvement projects under this section;
(B) assesses the effectiveness of those improvements; and
(C) describes the extent to which the improvements funded under this section have contributed to reducing—
(i) the number and rate of fatalities on all public roads with, to the maximum extent practicable, a breakdown by functional classification and ownership in the State;
(ii) the number and rate of serious injuries on all public roads with, to the maximum extent practicable, a breakdown by functional classification and ownership in the State; and
(iii) the occurrences of fatalities and serious injuries at railway-highway crossings.
(2)
(3)
(A) the website of the Department; and
(B) such other means as the Secretary determines to be appropriate.
(4)
(i)
(1) use obligation authority equal to the apportionment of the State for the prior year under section 104(b)(3) only for highway safety improvement projects under this section until the Secretary determines that the State has met or made significant progress toward meeting the safety performance targets of the State; and
(2) submit annually to the Secretary, until the Secretary determines that the State has met or made significant progress toward meeting the safety performance targets of the State, an implementation plan that—
(A) identifies roadway features that constitute a hazard to road users;
(B) identifies highway safety improvement projects on the basis of crash experience, crash potential, or other data-supported means;
(C) describes how highway safety improvement program funds will be allocated, including projects, activities, and strategies to be implemented;
(D) describes how the proposed projects, activities, and strategies funded under the State highway safety improvement program will allow the State to make progress toward achieving the safety performance targets of the State; and
(E) describes the actions the State will undertake to meet the safety performance targets of the State.
(j)
(k)
(1)
(A) the State does not use funds provided to carry out this section for a project on any such roads until the State completes a collection of the required model inventory of roadway elements for the applicable road segment; and
(B) the State demonstrates that the State consulted with affected Indian tribes before ceasing to collect data with respect to such roads that are included in the National Tribal Transportation Facility Inventory under section 202(b)(1) of this title.
(2)
(l)
(1)
(2)
(A) a quantitative analysis of vulnerable road user fatalities and serious injuries that—
(i) includes data such as location, roadway functional classification, design speed, speed limit, and time of day;
(ii) considers the demographics of the locations of fatalities and serious injuries, including race, ethnicity, income, and age; and
(iii) based on the data, identifies areas as “high-risk” to vulnerable road users; and
(B) a program of projects or strategies to reduce safety risks to vulnerable road users in areas identified as high-risk under subparagraph (A)(iii).
(3)
(4)
(A) take into consideration a safe system approach; and
(B) consult with local governments, metropolitan planning organizations, and regional transportation planning organizations that represent a high-risk area identified under paragraph (2)(A)(iii).
(5)
(6)
(7)
(A)
(B)