(a) In this section, “controlled dangerous substance” has the meaning stated in § 5-101 of the Criminal Law Article.

(b) On treatment for pain, a health care provider, based on the clinical judgment of the health care provider, shall prescribe:

(1) The lowest effective dose of an opioid; and

(2) A quantity that is no greater than the quantity needed for the expected duration of pain severe enough to require an opioid that is a controlled dangerous substance unless the opioid is prescribed to treat:

(i) A substance-related disorder;

(ii) Pain associated with a cancer diagnosis;

(iii) Pain experienced while the patient is receiving end-of-life, hospice, or palliative care services; or

(iv) Chronic pain.

(c) The dosage, quantity, and duration of an opioid prescribed under subsection (b) of this section shall be based on an evidence-based clinical guideline for prescribing controlled dangerous substances that is appropriate for:

(1) The health care service delivery setting for the patient;

(2) The type of health care services required by the patient; and

(3) The age and health status of the patient.

(d) (1) When a patient is prescribed an opioid under subsection (b) of this section, the patient shall be advised of the benefits and risks associated with the opioid.

(2) When a patient is co-prescribed a benzodiazepine with an opioid that is prescribed under subsection (b) of this section, the patient shall be advised of the benefits and risks associated with the benzodiazepine and the co-prescription of the benzodiazepine.

(e) A violation of subsection (b) or (d) of this section is grounds for disciplinary action by the health occupations board that regulates the health care provider who commits the violation.