North Dakota Code 32-49-02 – Civil action – Definitions
1. As used in this section:
Terms Used In North Dakota Code 32-49-02
- following: when used by way of reference to a chapter or other part of a statute means the next preceding or next following chapter or other part. See North Dakota Code 1-01-49
- Fraud: Intentional deception resulting in injury to another.
- Individual: means a human being. See North Dakota Code 1-01-49
- Person: means an individual, organization, government, political subdivision, or government agency or instrumentality. See North Dakota Code 1-01-49
- Property: includes property, real and personal. See North Dakota Code 1-01-49
a. “Harm” includes physical harm, economic harm, and emotional distress whether or not accompanied by physical or economic harm.
b. “Private” means:
(1) Created or obtained under circumstances in which a depicted individual had a reasonable expectation of privacy; or
(2) Made accessible through theft of property, bribery, coercion, sexual extortion, fraud, false pretenses, voyeurism, or exceeding authorized access to an account, message, file, device, resource, or property.
2. Except as otherwise provided under section 32-49-03, a depicted individual who is identifiable and who suffers harm from a person‘s intentional disclosure or threatened disclosure of an intimate image that was private without the depicted individual’s consent has a cause of action against the person if the person knew or acted with reckless disregard for whether the:
a. Depicted individual did not consent to the disclosure; b. Intimate image was private; and
c. Depicted individual was identifiable.
3. The following conduct by a depicted individual does not establish by itself that the individual consented to the disclosure of the intimate image which is the subject of an action under this chapter or the individual lacked a reasonable expectation of privacy:
a. Consent to creation of the image; or
b. Previous consensual disclosure of the image.
4. A depicted individual who does not consent to the sexual conduct or uncovering of the part of the body depicted in an intimate image of the individual retains a reasonable expectation of privacy even if the image was created when the individual was in a public place.