Terms Used In South Dakota Codified Laws > Title 10 > Chapter 6 - Annual Assessment of Property

• Adjourn: A motion to adjourn a legislative chamber or a committee, if passed, ends that day's session.
• Affidavit: A written statement of facts confirmed by the oath of the party making it, before a notary or officer having authority to administer oaths.
• Amendment: A proposal to alter the text of a pending bill or other measure by striking out some of it, by inserting new language, or both. Before an amendment becomes part of the measure, thelegislature must agree to it.
• Answer: The formal written statement by a defendant responding to a civil complaint and setting forth the grounds for defense.
• Appeal: A request made after a trial, asking another court (usually the court of appeals) to decide whether the trial was conducted properly. To make such a request is "to appeal" or "to take an appeal." One who appeals is called the appellant.
• Appraisal: A determination of property value.
• Appropriation: The provision of funds, through an annual appropriations act or a permanent law, for federal agencies to make payments out of the Treasury for specified purposes. The formal federal spending process consists of two sequential steps: authorization
• Articles of incorporation: includes the articles of organization of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11-1.1
• Articles of incorporation: includes the articles of organization of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11A-1.1
• Articles of incorporation: includes the articles of organization of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11B-1.1
• Articles of incorporation: includes the articles of organization of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11C-1.1
• Articles of incorporation: includes the articles of organization of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11G-1
• Articles of incorporation: includes the articles of organization of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-13-1.1
• Articles of incorporation: includes the articles of organization of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-13A-1.1
• Articles of incorporation: includes the articles of organization of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-13B-1.1
• Assets: (1) The property comprising the estate of a deceased person, or (2) the property in a trust account.
• Attachment: A procedure by which a person's property is seized to pay judgments levied by the court.
• Attorney-in-fact: A person who, acting as an agent, is given written authorization by another person to transact business for him (her) out of court.
• authorized farm corporation: means a corporation whose shareholders do not exceed ten in number, whose shareholders are all natural persons or estates, whose shares are all of one class, and whose revenues from rent, royalties, dividends, interest, and annuities do not exceed twenty percent of its gross receipts. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-9A-15
• Bankruptcy: Refers to statutes and judicial proceedings involving persons or businesses that cannot pay their debts and seek the assistance of the court in getting a fresh start. Under the protection of the bankruptcy court, debtors may discharge their debts, perhaps by paying a portion of each debt. Bankruptcy judges preside over these proceedings.
• Beneficiary: A person who is entitled to receive the benefits or proceeds of a will, trust, insurance policy, retirement plan, annuity, or other contract. ^{Source: OCC}
• Bequest: Property gifted by will.
• Children: includes children by birth and by adoption. See South Dakota Codified Laws 2-14-2
• Common law: The legal system that originated in England and is now in use in the United States. It is based on judicial decisions rather than legislative action.
• Complaint: A written statement by the plaintiff stating the wrongs allegedly committed by the defendant.
• Contract: A legal written agreement that becomes binding when signed.
• Conviction: A judgement of guilt against a criminal defendant.
• Corporation: A legal entity owned by the holders of shares of stock that have been issued, and that can own, receive, and transfer property, and carry on business in its own name.
• Corporation: includes both corporations under the South Dakota Business Corporations Act and limited liability companies under the South Dakota Limited Liability Company Act. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11G-1
• Damages: Money paid by defendants to successful plaintiffs in civil cases to compensate the plaintiffs for their injuries.
• Deed: The legal instrument used to transfer title in real property from one person to another.
• Defendant: In a civil suit, the person complained against; in a criminal case, the person accused of the crime.
• Dependent: A person dependent for support upon another.
• Devise: To gift property by will.
• director: as used in this chapter , embraces any of the persons having by law the direction or management of the affairs of a corporation, by whatever name such persons are described in its charter, or known by law. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-30-13
• Discovery: Lawyers' examination, before trial, of facts and documents in possession of the opponents to help the lawyers prepare for trial.
• Docket: A log containing brief entries of court proceedings.
• Donor: The person who makes a gift.
• Employee: includes any officer but not a director. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-1A-140
• Entitlement: A Federal program or provision of law that requires payments to any person or unit of government that meets the eligibility criteria established by law. Entitlements constitute a binding obligation on the part of the Federal Government, and eligible recipients have legal recourse if the obligation is not fulfilled. Social Security and veterans' compensation and pensions are examples of entitlement programs.
• Entity: includes domestic and foreign business corporation. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-1A-140
• Equitable: Pertaining to civil suits in "equity" rather than in "law." In English legal history, the courts of "law" could order the payment of damages and could afford no other remedy. See damages. A separate court of "equity" could order someone to do something or to cease to do something. See, e.g., injunction. In American jurisprudence, the federal courts have both legal and equitable power, but the distinction is still an important one. For example, a trial by jury is normally available in "law" cases but not in "equity" cases. ^{Source: U.S. Courts}
• Evidence: Information presented in testimony or in documents that is used to persuade the fact finder (judge or jury) to decide the case for one side or the other.
• Ex officio: Literally, by virtue of one's office.
• Fair market value: The price at which an asset would change hands in a transaction between a willing, informed buyer and a willing, informed seller.
• Federal Reserve System: The central bank of the United States. The Fed, as it is commonly called, regulates the U.S. monetary and financial system. The Federal Reserve System is composed of a central governmental agency in Washington, D.C. (the Board of Governors) and twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks in major cities throughout the United States. ^{Source: OCC}
• Fee simple: Absolute title to property with no limitations or restrictions regarding the person who may inherit it.
• Fiduciary: A trustee, executor, or administrator.
• Fiscal year: The fiscal year is the accounting period for the government. For the federal government, this begins on October 1 and ends on September 30. The fiscal year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends; for example, fiscal year 2006 begins on October 1, 2005 and ends on September 30, 2006.
• Foreclosure: A legal process in which property that is collateral or security for a loan may be sold to help repay the loan when the loan is in default. ^{Source: OCC}
• Fraud: Intentional deception resulting in injury to another.
• Gift: A voluntary transfer or conveyance of property without consideration, or for less than full and adequate consideration based on fair market value.
• Grantor: The person who establishes a trust and places property into it.
• Guarantor: A party who agrees to be responsible for the payment of another party's debts should that party default. ^{Source: OCC}
• Guardian: A person legally empowered and charged with the duty of taking care of and managing the property of another person who because of age, intellect, or health, is incapable of managing his (her) own affairs.
• Incorporation: includes the members of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11-1.1
• Incorporation: includes the members of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11A-1.1
• Incorporation: includes the members of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11B-1.1
• Incorporation: includes the members of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11C-1.1
• Incorporation: includes the organization of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11G-1
• Incorporation: includes the members of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-13-1.1
• Incorporation: includes the members of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-13A-1.1
• Incorporation: includes the members of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-13B-1.1
• Indemnification: In general, a collateral contract or assurance under which one person agrees to secure another person against either anticipated financial losses or potential adverse legal consequences. ^{Source: FDIC}
• Injunction: An order of the court prohibiting (or compelling) the performance of a specific act to prevent irreparable damage or injury.
• Interrogatories: Written questions asked by one party of an opposing party, who must answer them in writing under oath; a discovery device in a lawsuit.
• Joint meeting: An occasion, often ceremonial, when the House and Senate each adopt a unanimous consent agreement
• Jurisdiction: (1) The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case. Concurrent jurisdiction exists when two courts have simultaneous responsibility for the same case. (2) The geographic area over which the court has authority to decide cases.
• Lease: A contract transferring the use of property or occupancy of land, space, structures, or equipment in consideration of a payment (e.g., rent). ^{Source: OCC}
• Legislative session: That part of a chamber's daily session in which it considers legislative business (bills, resolutions, and actions related thereto).
• Liabilities: The aggregate of all debts and other legal obligations of a particular person or legal entity.
• Lien: A claim against real or personal property in satisfaction of a debt.
• Litigation: A case, controversy, or lawsuit. Participants (plaintiffs and defendants) in lawsuits are called litigants.
• Mortgage: The written agreement pledging property to a creditor as collateral for a loan.
• Mortgagee: The person to whom property is mortgaged and who has loaned the money.
• Nolo contendere: No contest-has the same effect as a plea of guilty, as far as the criminal sentence is concerned, but may not be considered as an admission of guilt for any other purpose.
• Oath: A promise to tell the truth.
• Oath: includes affirmation. See South Dakota Codified Laws 2-14-2
• Obligation: An order placed, contract awarded, service received, or similar transaction during a given period that will require payments during the same or a future period.
• officer: includes any manager of a limited liability company or the members of a limited liability company that does not have managers. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11-1.1
• officer: includes any manager of a limited liability company or the members of a limited liability company that does not have managers. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11A-1.1
• officer: includes any manager of a limited liability company or the members of a limited liability company that does not have managers. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11B-1.1
• officer: includes any manager of a limited liability company or the members of a limited liability company that does not have managers. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11C-1.1
• officer: includes any manager of a limited liability company or the members of a limited liability company that does not have managers. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11G-1
• officer: includes any manager of a limited liability company or the members of a limited liability company that does not have managers. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-13-1.1
• officer: includes any manager of a limited liability company or the members of a limited liability company that does not have managers. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-13A-1.1
• officer: includes any manager of a limited liability company or the members of a limited liability company that does not have managers. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-13B-1.1
• Oversight: Committee review of the activities of a Federal agency or program.
• Partnership: A voluntary contract between two or more persons to pool some or all of their assets into a business, with the agreement that there will be a proportional sharing of profits and losses.
• Person: includes an individual and an entity. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-1A-140
• Person: includes natural persons, partnerships, associations, cooperative corporations, limited liability companies, and corporations. See South Dakota Codified Laws 2-14-2
• Personal property: All property that is not real property.
• Personal property: includes money, goods, chattels, things in action, and evidences of debt. See South Dakota Codified Laws 2-14-2
• Petty offense: A federal misdemeanor punishable by six months or less in prison. ^{Source: U.S. Courts}
• Plaintiff: The person who files the complaint in a civil lawsuit.
• Plea: In a criminal case, the defendant's statement pleading "guilty" or "not guilty" in answer to the charges, a declaration made in open court.
• Pleadings: Written statements of the parties in a civil case of their positions. In the federal courts, the principal pleadings are the complaint and the answer.
• Power of attorney: A written instrument which authorizes one person to act as another's agent or attorney. The power of attorney may be for a definite, specific act, or it may be general in nature. The terms of the written power of attorney may specify when it will expire. If not, the power of attorney usually expires when the person granting it dies. ^{Source: OCC}
• Precedent: A court decision in an earlier case with facts and law similar to a dispute currently before a court. Precedent will ordinarily govern the decision of a later similar case, unless a party can show that it was wrongly decided or that it differed in some significant way.
• President pro tempore: A constitutionally recognized officer of the Senate who presides over the chamber in the absence of the Vice President. The President Pro Tempore (or, "president for a time") is elected by the Senate and is, by custom, the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service.
• Presiding officer: A majority-party Senator who presides over the Senate and is charged with maintaining order and decorum, recognizing Members to speak, and interpreting the Senate's rules, practices and precedents.
• Proceeding: includes civil suit and criminal, administrative, and investigatory action. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-1A-140
• Property: includes property, real and personal. See South Dakota Codified Laws 2-14-2
• Prosecute: To charge someone with a crime. A prosecutor tries a criminal case on behalf of the government.
• Public law: A public bill or joint resolution that has passed both chambers and been enacted into law. Public laws have general applicability nationwide.
• Quorum: The number of legislators that must be present to do business.
• Real property: Land, and all immovable fixtures erected on, growing on, or affixed to the land.
• Remainder: An interest in property that takes effect in the future at a specified time or after the occurrence of some event, such as the death of a life tenant.
• Rescission: The cancellation of budget authority previously provided by Congress. The Impoundment Control Act of 1974 specifies that the President may propose to Congress that funds be rescinded. If both Houses have not approved a rescission proposal (by passing legislation) within 45 days of continuous session, any funds being withheld must be made available for obligation.
• Restitution: The court-ordered payment of money by the defendant to the victim for damages caused by the criminal action.
• Revocable trust: A trust agreement that can be canceled, rescinded, revoked, or repealed by the grantor (person who establishes the trust).
• Right of rescission: Right to cancel, within three business days, a contract that uses the home of a person as collateral, except in the case of a first mortgage loan. There is no fee to the borrower, who receives a full refund of all fees paid. The right of rescission is guaranteed by the Truth in Lending Act (TILA). ^{Source: OCC}
• Seal: includes an impression of the seal upon the paper alone, as well as upon wax or a wafer affixed to the paper, and also the word "seal" written or printed on such paper. See South Dakota Codified Laws 2-14-2
• Service of process: The service of writs or summonses to the appropriate party.
• Settlement: Parties to a lawsuit resolve their difference without having a trial. Settlements often involve the payment of compensation by one party in satisfaction of the other party's claims.
• Shareholders: includes the members of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11-1.1
• Shareholders: includes the members of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11A-1.1
• Shareholders: includes the members of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11B-1.1
• Shareholders: includes the members of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11C-1.1
• Shareholders: includes the members of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11G-1
• Shareholders: includes the members of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-13-1.1
• Shareholders: includes the members of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-13A-1.1
• Shareholders: includes the members of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-13B-1.1
• Shares: includes membership interests in a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-11G-1
• signature: includes any manual, facsimile, conformed, or electronic signature. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-1A-140
• Statute: A law passed by a legislature.
• stock: include membership interests in a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-9A-2
• stockholders: include the members of a limited liability company. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-9A-2
• Subpoena: A command to a witness to appear and give testimony.
• Summons: Another word for subpoena used by the criminal justice system.
• Testify: Answer questions in court.
• Testimony: Evidence presented orally by witnesses during trials or before grand juries.
• Tort: A civil wrong or breach of a duty to another person, as outlined by law. A very common tort is negligent operation of a motor vehicle that results in property damage and personal injury in an automobile accident.
• Trial: A hearing that takes place when the defendant pleads "not guilty" and witnesses are required to come to court to give evidence.
• Trustee: A person or institution holding and administering property in trust.
• Uniform Commercial Code: A set of statutes enacted by the various states to provide consistency among the states' commercial laws. It includes negotiable instruments, sales, stock transfers, trust and warehouse receipts, and bills of lading. ^{Source: OCC}
• United States: includes district, authority, bureau, commission, department, and any other agency of the United States. See South Dakota Codified Laws 47-1A-140
• Usury: Charging an illegally high interest rate on a loan. ^{Source: OCC}
• Venue: The geographical location in which a case is tried.
• Writ: A formal written command, issued from the court, requiring the performance of a specific act.
• written: include typewriting and typewritten, printing and printed, except in the case of signatures, and where the words are used by way of contrast to typewriting and printing. See South Dakota Codified Laws 2-14-2