(1) A health care corporation may indemnify any person who was or is a party to, or is threatened to be made a party to, any threatened, pending, or completed action, suit, or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative, or investigative, other than an action by or in the right of the health care corporation, by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director, member of the corporate body, officer, employee, or agent of the health care corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the health care corporation as a director, officer, employee, or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, or other enterprise. This indemnification shall be against expenses, including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines, and amounts paid in settlement, actually and reasonably incurred by him or her in connection with the action, suit, or proceeding, if he or she acted in good faith and in a manner which he or she reasonably believed to be in, or not opposed to, the best interests of the health care corporation, or its subscribers as a whole, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe his or her conduct was unlawful. The termination of any action, suit, or proceeding by judgment, order, settlement, conviction, or upon a plea of nolo contendere or its equivalent, shall not, of itself, create a presumption that the person did not act in good faith and in a manner which he or she reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the health care corporation, or its subscribers as a whole, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had reasonable cause to believe that his or her conduct was unlawful.

    (2) A health care corporation may indemnify any person who was or is a party to, or is threatened to be made a party to, any threatened, pending, or completed action or suit by or in the right of the health care corporation to procure a judgment in its favor, by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director, member of the corporate body, officer, employee, or agent of the health care corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the health care corporation as a director, officer, employee, or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, or other enterprise. This indemnification shall be against expenses, including attorneys’ fees, actually and reasonably incurred by him or her in connection with the defense or settlement of the action or suit, if he or she acted in good faith and in a manner he or she reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the health care corporation, or its subscribers as a whole. However, indemnification shall not be made with respect to any claim, issue, or matter as to which the person has been adjudged to be liable for negligence or misconduct in the performance of his or her duty to the health care corporation unless, and only to the extent that, the court in which the action or suit was brought determines upon application that, despite the adjudication of liability, but in view of all circumstances of the case, the person is fairly and reasonably entitled to indemnity for those expenses which the court considers proper.

    (3) To the extent that a director, member of the corporate body, officer, employee, or agent of a health care corporation has been successful on the merits or otherwise in defense of any action, suit, or proceeding referred to in subsection (1) or (2), or in defense of any claim, issue, or matter therein, he or she shall be indemnified against expenses, including attorneys’ fees, actually and reasonably incurred by him or her in connection therewith.

    (4) Any indemnification under subsection (1) or (2), unless ordered by a court, shall be made by the health care corporation only as authorized in the specific case, upon a determination that indemnification of the director, member of the corporate body, officer, employee, or agent is proper in the circumstances because he or she has met the applicable standard of conduct set forth in subsections (1) and (2). The determination shall be made in any of the following ways:

    (a) By the board by a majority vote of a quorum consisting of directors who were not parties to the action, suit, or proceeding.

    (b) If such a quorum is not obtainable, by independent legal counsel in a written opinion.

    (5) Expenses incurred in defending a civil or criminal action, suit, or proceeding described in subsection (1) or (2) may be paid by the health care corporation in advance of the final disposition of the action, suit, or proceeding, as authorized in the manner provided in subsection (4), upon receipt of an undertaking by or on behalf of the director, member of the corporate body, officer, employee, or agent to repay that amount, unless it is ultimately determined that he or she is entitled to be indemnified by the corporation.

    (6) A provision made to indemnify directors, members of the corporate body, or officers in any action, suit, or proceeding referred to in subsection (1) or (2), whether contained in the articles of incorporation, the bylaws, a resolution of the directors, an agreement, or otherwise, shall be invalid only insofar as it is in conflict with subsections (1) to (5) and this subsection. Nothing contained in subsections (1) to (5) and this subsection shall affect any rights to indemnification to which persons other than directors and officers may be entitled by contract or otherwise by law. The indemnification provided in subsections (1) to (5) and this subsection continues as to a person who has ceased to be a director, member of the corporate body, officer, employee, or agent, and shall inure to the benefit of the heirs, executors, and administrators of that person.

    (7) A health care corporation may purchase and maintain insurance on behalf of any person who is or was a director, officer, employee, or agent of the corporation, or is or was serving at the request of the health care corporation as a director, officer, employee, or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, or other enterprise against any liability asserted against him or her and incurred by him or her in that capacity, or arising out of his or her status as described in this subsection, whether or not the health care corporation would have power to indemnify him or her against this liability under subsections (1) to (6).

    (8) For the purposes of subsections (1) to (7), references to a health care corporation include all constituent corporations absorbed in a consolidation or merger and the resulting or surviving corporation, so that a person who is or was a director, officer, employee, or agent of a constituent corporation or is or was serving at the request of such a constituent corporation as a director, officer, employee, or agent of another corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, or other enterprise shall stand in the same position under the provisions of this section with respect to the resulting or surviving corporation as he or she would if he or she had served the resulting or surviving corporation in the same capacity.