Terms Used In Texas Education Code Chapter 39A - Accountability Interventions and Sanctions

• Amendment: A proposal to alter the text of a pending bill or other measure by striking out some of it, by inserting new language, or both. Before an amendment becomes part of the measure, thelegislature must agree to it.
• Annual percentage rate: The cost of credit at a yearly rate. It is calculated in a standard way, taking the average compound interest rate over the term of the loan so borrowers can compare loans. Lenders are required by law to disclose a card account's APR. ^{Source: FDIC}
• Annuity: A periodic (usually annual) payment of a fixed sum of money for either the life of the recipient or for a fixed number of years. A series of payments under a contract from an insurance company, a trust company, or an individual. Annuity payments are made at regular intervals over a period of more than one full year.
• Appellate: About appeals; an appellate court has the power to review the judgement of another lower court or tribunal.
• Appraisal: A determination of property value.
• Appropriation: The provision of funds, through an annual appropriations act or a permanent law, for federal agencies to make payments out of the Treasury for specified purposes. The formal federal spending process consists of two sequential steps: authorization
• Assets: (1) The property comprising the estate of a deceased person, or (2) the property in a trust account.
• Association: means an entity governed as an association under Title 6 or 7. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Attorney-in-fact: A person who, acting as an agent, is given written authorization by another person to transact business for him (her) out of court.
• Business: means a trade, occupation, profession, or other commercial activity. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Case law: The law as laid down in cases that have been decided in the decisions of the courts.
• Certificate of formation: means :
  (A) the document required to be filed with the filing officer under Chapter 3 to form a filing entity; and
  (B) if appropriate, a restated certificate of formation and all amendments of an original or restated certificate of formation. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Charity: An agency, institution, or organization in existence and operating for the benefit of an indefinite number of persons and conducted for educational, religious, scientific, medical, or other beneficent purposes.
• Complaint: A written statement by the plaintiff stating the wrongs allegedly committed by the defendant.
• Comptroller: means the state comptroller of public accounts. See Texas Government Code 312.011
• Conversion: means :
  (A) the continuance of a domestic entity as a non-code organization of any type;
  (B) the continuance of a non-code organization as a domestic entity of any type;
  (C) the continuance of a domestic entity of one type as a domestic entity of another type;
  (D) the continuance of a domestic entity of one type as a foreign entity of the same type that may be treated as a domestication, continuance, or transfer transaction under the laws of the jurisdiction of formation of the foreign entity; or
  (E) the continuance of a foreign entity of one type as a domestic entity of the same type that may be treated as a domestication, continuance, or transfer transaction under the laws of the jurisdiction of formation of the foreign entity. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Converting entity: means an organization as the organization existed before the organization's conversion. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Corporation: means an entity governed as a corporation under Title 2 or 7. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Deed: The legal instrument used to transfer title in real property from one person to another.
• Department: means the Department of Agriculture. See Texas Agriculture Code 1.003
• Discovery: Lawyers' examination, before trial, of facts and documents in possession of the opponents to help the lawyers prepare for trial.
• Domestic: means , with respect to an entity, that the entity is formed under this code or the entity's internal affairs are governed by this code. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Domestic entity: means an organization formed under or the internal affairs of which are governed by this code. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Donor: The person who makes a gift.
• Effects: includes all personal property and all interest in that property. See Texas Government Code 312.011
• Electronic transmission: means a form of communication, including communication by use of or participation in one or more electronic data systems, that:
  (A) does not directly involve the physical transmission of paper;
  (B) creates a record that may be retained, retrieved, and reviewed by the recipient; and
  (C) may be directly reproduced in paper form by the recipient through an automated process. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Entity: means a domestic entity or foreign entity. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Ex officio: Literally, by virtue of one's office.
• Fair market value: The price at which an asset would change hands in a transaction between a willing, informed buyer and a willing, informed seller.
• Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: A government corporation that insures the deposits of all national and state banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System. ^{Source: OCC}
• Fee simple: Absolute title to property with no limitations or restrictions regarding the person who may inherit it.
• Fiduciary: A trustee, executor, or administrator.
• Filing entity: means a domestic entity that is a corporation, limited partnership, limited liability company, professional association, cooperative, or real estate investment trust. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Filing officer: means :
  (A) with respect to an entity other than a domestic real estate investment trust, the secretary of state; or
  (B) with respect to a domestic real estate investment trust, the county clerk of the county in which the real estate investment trust's principal office is located in this state. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Fiscal year: The fiscal year is the accounting period for the government. For the federal government, this begins on October 1 and ends on September 30. The fiscal year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends; for example, fiscal year 2006 begins on October 1, 2005 and ends on September 30, 2006.
• For-profit corporation: means a corporation governed as a for-profit corporation under Chapter 21. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Fundamental business transaction: means a merger, interest exchange, conversion, or sale of all or substantially all of an entity's assets. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• General partner: means :
  (A) each partner in a general partnership; or
  (B) a person who has become, and has not ceased to be, a general partner in a limited partnership in accordance with the governing documents of the limited partnership or this code. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• General partnership: means a partnership governed as a general partnership under Chapter 152. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Governing authority: means a person or group of persons who are entitled to manage and direct the affairs of an entity under this code and the governing documents of the entity, except that if the governing documents of the entity or this code divide the authority to manage and direct the affairs of the entity among different persons or groups of persons according to different matters, "governing authority" means the person or group of persons entitled to manage and direct the affairs of the entity with respect to a matter under the governing documents of the entity or this code. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Governing documents: means :
  (A) in the case of a domestic entity:
  (i) the certificate of formation for a domestic filing entity or the document or agreement under which a domestic nonfiling entity is formed; and
  (ii) the other documents or agreements adopted by the entity under this code to govern the formation or the internal affairs of the entity; or
  (B) in the case of a foreign entity, the instruments, documents, or agreements adopted under the law of its jurisdiction of formation to govern the formation or the internal affairs of the entity. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Governing person: means a person serving as part of the governing authority of an entity. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Guardian: A person legally empowered and charged with the duty of taking care of and managing the property of another person who because of age, intellect, or health, is incapable of managing his (her) own affairs.
• Individual: means a natural person. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Interest exchange: means the acquisition of an ownership or membership interest in a domestic entity as provided by Subchapter Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Interest rate: The amount paid by a borrower to a lender in exchange for the use of the lender's money for a certain period of time. Interest is paid on loans or on debt instruments, such as notes or bonds, either at regular intervals or as part of a lump sum payment when the issue matures. ^{Source: OCC}
• Justice: when applied to a magistrate, means justice of the peace. See Texas Government Code 312.011
• Law: means , unless the context requires otherwise, both statutory and common law. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Liabilities: The aggregate of all debts and other legal obligations of a particular person or legal entity.
• Limited liability company: means an entity governed as a limited liability company under Title 3 or 7. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Limited partnership: means a partnership that is governed as a limited partnership under Title 4 and that has one or more general partners and one or more limited partners. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Member: means :
  (A) in the case of a limited liability company, a person who has become, and has not ceased to be, a member in the limited liability company as provided by its governing documents or this code;
  (B) in the case of a nonprofit corporation, a person who has membership rights in the nonprofit corporation under its governing documents;
  (C) in the case of a cooperative association, a member of a nonshare or share association;
  (D) in the case of a nonprofit association, a person who has membership rights in the nonprofit association under its governing documents; or
  (E) in the case of a professional association, a person who has membership rights in the professional association under its governing documents. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Merger: means :
  (A) the division of a domestic entity into two or more new domestic entities or other organizations or into a surviving domestic entity and one or more new domestic or foreign entities or non-code organizations; or
  (B) the combination of one or more domestic entities with one or more domestic entities or non-code organizations resulting in:
  (i) one or more surviving domestic entities or non-code organizations;
  (ii) the creation of one or more new domestic entities or non-code organizations; or
  (iii) one or more surviving domestic entities or non-code organizations and the creation of one or more new domestic entities or non-code organizations. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Month: means a calendar month. See Texas Government Code 312.011
• National securities exchange: means an exchange registered as a national securities exchange under Section 6, Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Non-code organization: means an organization other than a domestic entity. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Nonfiling entity: means a domestic entity that is not a filing entity. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Nonprofit corporation: means a corporation governed as a nonprofit corporation under Chapter 22. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Officer: means an individual elected, appointed, or designated as an officer of an entity by the entity's governing authority or under the entity's governing documents. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Organization: means a corporation, limited or general partnership, limited liability company, business trust, real estate investment trust, joint venture, joint stock company, cooperative, association, bank, insurance company, credit union, savings and loan association, or other organization, regardless of whether the organization is for-profit, nonprofit, domestic, or foreign. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Oversight: Committee review of the activities of a Federal agency or program.
• Ownership interest: means an owner's interest in an entity. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Parent: means an organization that, directly or indirectly through or with one or more of its subsidiaries:
  (A) owns at least 50 percent of the outstanding ownership or membership interests of another organization; or
  (B) possesses at least 50 percent of the voting power of the owners or members of another organization. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Partner: means a limited partner or general partner. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Partnership: means an entity governed as a partnership under Title 4. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Partnership: A voluntary contract between two or more persons to pool some or all of their assets into a business, with the agreement that there will be a proportional sharing of profits and losses.
• Party to the merger: means a domestic entity or non-code organization that under a plan of merger is divided or combined by a merger. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Person: means an individual or a corporation, partnership, limited liability company, business trust, trust, association, or other organization, estate, government or governmental subdivision or agency, or other legal entity, or a protected series or registered series of a domestic limited liability company or foreign entity. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Plan of conversion: means a document that conforms with the requirements of § 10. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Plan of exchange: means a document that conforms with the requirements of § 10. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Plan of merger: means a document that conforms with the requirements of Sections Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Power of attorney: A written instrument which authorizes one person to act as another's agent or attorney. The power of attorney may be for a definite, specific act, or it may be general in nature. The terms of the written power of attorney may specify when it will expire. If not, the power of attorney usually expires when the person granting it dies. ^{Source: OCC}
• Precedent: A court decision in an earlier case with facts and law similar to a dispute currently before a court. Precedent will ordinarily govern the decision of a later similar case, unless a party can show that it was wrongly decided or that it differed in some significant way.
• President: means the:
  (A) individual designated as president of an entity under the entity's governing documents; or
  (B) officer or committee of persons authorized to perform the functions of the principal executive officer of an entity without regard to the designated name of the officer or committee. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Presiding officer: A majority-party Senator who presides over the Senate and is charged with maintaining order and decorum, recognizing Members to speak, and interpreting the Senate's rules, practices and precedents.
• Probate: Proving a will
• Probation: A sentencing alternative to imprisonment in which the court releases convicted defendants under supervision as long as certain conditions are observed.
• Professional corporation: has the meaning assigned by § 301. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Property: includes tangible and intangible property and an interest in that property. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Prosecute: To charge someone with a crime. A prosecutor tries a criminal case on behalf of the government.
• Real estate investment trust: means an entity governed as a real estate investment trust under Title 5. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Recourse: An arrangement in which a bank retains, in form or in substance, any credit risk directly or indirectly associated with an asset it has sold (in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles) that exceeds a pro rata share of the bank's claim on the asset. If a bank has no claim on an asset it has sold, then the retention of any credit risk is recourse. ^{Source: FDIC}
• Secretary: means the:
  (A) individual designated as secretary of an entity under the entity's governing documents; or
  (B) officer or committee of persons authorized to perform the functions of secretary of an entity without regard to the designated name of the officer or committee. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Service of process: The service of writs or summonses to the appropriate party.
• Settlement: Parties to a lawsuit resolve their difference without having a trial. Settlements often involve the payment of compensation by one party in satisfaction of the other party's claims.
• Signature: includes the mark of a person unable to write, and "subscribe" includes the making of such a mark. See Texas Government Code 312.011
• Statute: A law passed by a legislature.
• Subscription: means an agreement between a subscriber and an entity, or a written offer made by a subscriber to an entity before or after the entity's formation, in which the subscriber agrees or offers to purchase a specified ownership interest in the entity. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• Subsidiary: means an organization for which another organization, either directly or indirectly through or with one or more of its other subsidiaries:
  (A) owns at least 50 percent of the outstanding ownership or membership interests of the organization; or
  (B) possesses at least 50 percent of the voting power of the owners or members of the organization. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002
• sworn: includes affirm or affirmed. See Texas Government Code 312.011
• Temporary restraining order: Prohibits a person from an action that is likely to cause irreparable harm. This differs from an injunction in that it may be granted immediately, without notice to the opposing party, and without a hearing. It is intended to last only until a hearing can be held.
• Trustee: A person or institution holding and administering property in trust.
• Writ: A formal written command, issued from the court, requiring the performance of a specific act.
• written: means an expression of words, letters, characters, numbers, symbols, figures, or other textual information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium that is retrievable in a perceivable form. See Texas Business Organizations Code 1.002