(a) If a sentence of a court-martial as lawfully adjudged and approved includes a forfeiture of pay or allowances in addition to confinement not suspended or deferred, the forfeiture may apply to pay or allowances becoming due on or after the date the sentence is approved by the convening authority. A forfeiture may not extend to pay or allowances accrued before that date.
(b) A period of confinement included in a sentence of a court-martial begins to run from the date the sentence is adjudged by the court-martial, but periods during which the sentence to confinement is suspended or deferred are excluded in computing the service of the term of confinement.

(c) On application by an accused who is under sentence to confinement that has not been ordered executed, the convening authority or, if the accused is no longer under the convening authority’s jurisdiction, the officer exercising general court-martial jurisdiction over the command to which the accused is currently assigned, may in his sole discretion defer service of the sentence. The deferment shall terminate when the sentence is ordered executed. The deferment may be rescinded at any time by the officer who granted it or, if the accused is no longer under that officer’s jurisdiction, by the officer exercising general court-martial jurisdiction over the command to which the accused is currently assigned.
(d) In the militia or state military forces not in federal service, a sentence of dismissal or dishonorable discharge may not be executed until it is approved by the governor.
(e) All other sentences of courts-martial are effective on the date ordered executed.