• (a) Except as otherwise provided in this Constitution, the following property and no other shall be exempt from taxation, State and local, including inheritance taxes:
• (1) Property owned directly or indirectly by the Commonwealth or any political subdivision thereof, and obligations of the Commonwealth or any political subdivision thereof exempt by law.
• (2) Real estate and personal property owned and exclusively occupied or used by churches or religious bodies for religious worship or for the residences of their ministers.
• (3) Private or public burying grounds or cemeteries, provided the same are not operated for profit.
• (4) Property owned by public libraries or by institutions of learning not conducted for profit, so long as such property is primarily used for literary, scientific, or educational purposes or purposes incidental thereto. This provision may also apply to leasehold interests in such property as may be provided by general law.
• (5) Intangible personal property, or any class or classes thereof, as may be exempted in whole or in part by general law.
• (6) Property used by its owner for religious, charitable, patriotic, historical, benevolent, cultural, or public park and playground purposes, as may be provided by classification or designation by an ordinance adopted by the local governing body and subject to such restrictions and conditions as provided by general law.
• (7) Land subject to a perpetual easement permitting inundation by water as may be exempted in whole or in part by general law.
• (8) One motor vehicle owned and used primarily by or for a veteran of the armed forces of the United States or the Virginia National Guard who has been rated by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs or its successor agency pursuant to federal law with a one hundred percent service-connected, permanent, and total disability. For purposes of this subdivision, the term “motor vehicle” shall include only automobiles and pickup trucks. Any such motor vehicle owned by a married person may qualify if either spouse is a veteran who is one hundred percent disabled pursuant to this subdivision. This exemption shall be applicable on the date the motor vehicle is acquired or the effective date of this subdivision, whichever is later, but shall not be applicable for any period of time prior to the effective date.
• (b) The General Assembly may by general law authorize the governing body of any county, city, town, or regional government to provide for the exemption from local property taxation, or a portion thereof, within such restrictions and upon such conditions as may be prescribed, of real estate and personal property designed for continuous habitation owned by, and occupied as the sole dwelling of, persons not less than sixty-five years of age or persons permanently and totally disabled as established by general law. A local governing body may be authorized to establish either income or financial worth limitations, or both, in order to qualify for such relief.
• (c) Except as to property of the Commonwealth, the General Assembly by general law may restrict or condition, in whole or in part, but not extend, any or all of the above exemptions.
• (d) The General Assembly may define as a separate subject of taxation any property, including real or personal property, equipment, facilities, or devices, used primarily for the purpose of abating or preventing pollution of the atmosphere or waters of the Commonwealth or for the purpose of transferring or storing solar energy, and by general law may allow the governing body of any county, city, town, or regional government to exempt or partially exempt such property from taxation, or by general law may directly exempt or partially exempt such property from taxation.
• (e) The General Assembly may define as a separate subject of taxation household goods, personal effects and tangible farm property and products, and by general law may allow the governing body of any county, city, town, or regional government to exempt or partially exempt such property from taxation, or by general law may directly exempt or partially exempt such property from taxation.
• (f) Exemptions of property from taxation as established or authorized hereby shall be strictly construed; provided, however, that all property exempt from taxation on the effective date of this section shall continue to be exempt until otherwise provided by the General Assembly as herein set forth.
• (g) The General Assembly may by general law authorize any county, city, town, or regional government to impose a service charge upon the owners of a class or classes of exempt property for services provided by such governments.
• (h) The General Assembly may by general law authorize the governing body of any county, city, town, or regional government to provide for a partial exemption from local real property taxation, within such restrictions and upon such conditions as may be prescribed, (i) of real estate whose improvements, by virtue of age and use, have undergone substantial renovation, rehabilitation or replacement or (ii) of real estate with new structures and improvements in conservation, redevelopment, or rehabilitation areas.
• (i) The General Assembly may by general law allow the governing body of any county, city, or town to exempt or partially exempt from taxation any generating equipment installed after December thirty-one, nineteen hundred seventy-four, for the purpose of converting from oil or natural gas to coal or to wood, wood bark, wood residue, or to any other alternate energy source for manufacturing, and any co-generation equipment installed since such date for use in manufacturing.
• (j) The General Assembly may by general law allow the governing body of any county, city, or town to have the option to exempt or partially exempt from taxation any business, occupational or professional license or any merchants’ capital, or both.
• (k) The General Assembly may by general law authorize the governing body of any county, city, or town to provide for a partial exemption from local real property taxation, within such restrictions and upon such conditions as may be prescribed, of improved real estate subject to recurrent flooding upon which flooding abatement, mitigation, or resiliency efforts have been undertaken.

The amendment ratified November 2, 1976 and effective January 1, 1977—After (a)(6), added subdivision “(7) Land subject to a perpetual easement . . .”. In subsection (b), after “sixty-five years of age”, added the language “or persons permanently and totally disabled as established by general law”. In subsection (d), after “Commonwealth”, added the language “or for the purpose of transferring or storing solar energy”. In subsection (e), after “personal effects”, added the language “and tangible farm property and products”.

The amendment ratified November 7, 1978 and effective January 1, 1979—Added a new subsection (h).

The amendment ratified November 4, 1980 and effective January 1, 1981—In subsection (b), substituted “exemption from local property taxation” for “exemption from local real property taxation”. After “of real estate”, added “and personal property designed for continuous habitation”. Substituted “property” for “real estate” near the end of subsection (b).

The amendment ratified November 4, 1980 and effective January 1, 1981—Added a new subsection (i).

The amendment ratified November 3, 1998 and effective January 1, 1999—Added a new subsection (j).

The amendment ratified November 5, 2002 and effective January 1, 2003—In paragraph (6), after “designation by”, deleted “a three-fourths vote of the members elected to each house of the General Assembly” and added “an ordinance adopted by the local governing body”. After “conditions as” deleted “may be prescribed” and added “provided by general law”.

The amendment ratified November 7, 2006, and effective January 1, 2007—In subsection (h), added “(i)” after “prescribed” and “or (ii) of real estate with new structures and improvements in conservation, redevelopment, or rehabilitation areas” after “replacement” at the end of the paragraph.

The amendment ratified November 2, 2010, and effective January 1, 2011-In subsection (b), after “established by general law”, deleted “who are deemed by the General Assembly to be bearing an extraordinary tax burden on said property in relation to their income and financial worth” and added “A local governing body may be authorized to establish either income or financial worth limitations, or both, in order to qualify for such relief.” at the end of the paragraph.

The amendment ratified November 6, 2018, and effective January 1, 2019—Added a new subsection (k).

The amendment ratified November 3, 2020, and effective January 1, 2021—After (a)(7), added subdivision “(8) One motor vehicle owned and used . . .”.