As used in this Title:

            (1) “Abortion” means that procedure as defined in La. Rev. Stat. 14:87.1.

            (2) “Abuse” means any one of the following acts that seriously endanger the physical, mental, or emotional health, welfare, and safety of the child:

            (a) The infliction, attempted infliction, or, as a result of inadequate supervision, the allowance of the infliction or attempted infliction of physical or mental injury upon the child by a parent or any other person.

            (b) The exploitation or overwork of a child by a parent or any other person, including but not limited to commercial sexual exploitation of the child.

            (c) The involvement of the child in any sexual act with a parent or any other person, or the aiding or toleration by the parent, caretaker, or any other person of the child’s involvement in any of the following:

            (i) Any sexual act with any other person.

            (ii) Pornographic displays.

            (iii) Any sexual activity constituting a crime under the laws of this state.

            (d) A coerced abortion conducted upon a child.

            (e) Female genital mutilation as defined by La. Rev. Stat. 14:43.4 of the child or of a sister of the child.

            (3) “Administrative review body” means a panel of appropriate persons, at least one of whom is not responsible for the case management of or delivery of services to either the child or the parents who are the subject of the review, including the citizen review boards, state hearing examiners, special department reviewers, or department personnel.

            (4)(a) “Caretaker” means any person legally obligated to provide or secure adequate care for a child, including a parent, tutor, guardian, legal custodian, foster home parent, an employee or an operator of an early learning center as defined in La. Rev. Stat. 17:407.33, an operator or employee of a registered family child day care home, an operator or employee of a restrictive care facility, or other person providing a residence for the child. “Caretaker” also means an adult who occupies a residence of a child and has a consistent and continuing responsibility for the care of a child. “Caretaker” shall not include an operator or employee of a correctional facility, detention facility, or nonresidential school.

            (b) For the purposes of this Subparagraph, “restrictive care facility” means a public or private licensed or unlicensed child care facility, group home, emergency shelter facility, maternity home, psychiatric hospital, or a psychiatric unit located in a state-owned or state-contracted general hospital.

            (5) “Case review hearing” means a review hearing by a court or administrative review body for the purpose of determining the continuing necessity for and appropriateness of the child’s placement, to determine the extent of compliance with the case plan, to determine the extent of progress which has been made toward alleviating or mitigating the causes necessitating placement, and to project a likely date by which the child may be permanently placed.

            (6) “Child” means a person under eighteen years of age who, prior to juvenile proceedings, has not been judicially emancipated under Civil Code Article 366 or emancipated by marriage under Civil Code Article 367.

            (7) “Child care agency” means any public or private agency exercising custody of a child.

            (8) “Child pornography” means visual depiction of a child engaged in actual or simulated sexual intercourse, deviate sexual intercourse, sexual bestiality, masturbation, sadomasochistic abuse, or lewd exhibition of the genitals.

            (9) “Coerced abortion” means the use of force, intimidation, threat of force, threat of deprivation of food and shelter, or the deprivation of food and shelter by a parent or any other person in order to compel a female child to undergo an abortion against her will, whether or not the abortion procedure has been attempted or completed.

            (9.1) “Commercial sexual exploitation” means involvement of the child activity prohibited by the following statutes: La. Rev. Stat. 14:46.2, 46.3, 81.1, 81.3, 82, 82.1, 82.2, 83, 83.1, 83.2, 83.3, 83.4, 84, 85, 86, 89.2, 104, 105, and 282.

            (10) “Concurrent planning” means departmental efforts to preserve and reunify a family, or to place a child for adoption or with a legal guardian which are made simultaneously.

            (11) “Court-appointed or court-approved administrative body” means a body appointed or approved by a court and subject to the court’s supervision for the purposes of assisting the court with permanency hearings, including magistrates or other court or noncourt personnel. This body shall not be a part of the Department of Children and Family Services or the Department of Public Safety and Corrections, nor subject to the supervision or direction of either department.

            (12) “Crime against the child” shall include the commission of or the attempted commission of any of the following crimes against the child as provided by federal or state statutes:

            (a) Homicide.

            (b) Battery.

            (c) Assault.

            (d) Rape.

            (e) Sexual battery.

            (f) Kidnapping.

            (g) Criminal neglect.

            (h) Criminal abandonment.

            (i) Repealed by Acts 2014, No. 602, §7, eff. June 12, 2014.

            (j) Carnal knowledge of a juvenile.

            (k) Indecent behavior with juveniles.

            (l) Pornography involving juveniles.

            (m) Molestation of a juvenile.

            (n) Crime against nature.

            (o) Cruelty to juveniles.

            (p) Contributing to the delinquency or dependency of children.

            (q) Sale of minor children.

            (r) Human trafficking.

            (s) Trafficking of children for sexual purposes.

            (t) Female genital mutilation.

            (13) “Department” means the Department of Children and Family Services.

            (14) “Foster care” means placement in a foster family home, a relative‘s home, a residential child caring facility, or other living arrangement approved and supervised by the state for provision of substitute care for a child in the department’s custody. Such placement shall not include a detention facility.

            (15) “Foster parent” means an individual who provides residential foster care with the approval and under the supervision of the department for a child in its custody.

            (16) “Institutional abuse or neglect” means any case of child abuse or neglect that occurs in any public or private facility that provides residential child care, treatment, or education.

            (17) “Mandatory reporter” is any of the following individuals:

            (a) “Health practitioner” is any individual who provides healthcare services, including a physician, surgeon, physical therapist, dentist, resident, intern, hospital staff member, an outpatient abortion facility staff member, podiatrist, chiropractor, licensed nurse, nursing aide, dental hygienist, any emergency medical technician, a paramedic, optometrist, medical examiner, or coroner, who diagnoses, examines, or treats a child or his family.

            (b) “Mental health/social service practitioner” is any individual who provides mental health care or social service diagnosis, assessment, counseling, or treatment, including a psychiatrist, psychologist, marriage or family counselor, social worker, member of the clergy, aide, or other individual who provides counseling services to a child or his family. Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, when representing a child, as defined in this Code, in a case arising out of this Code, a mental health/social service practitioner shall not be considered a mandatory reporter under the following limited circumstances: (i) when the practitioner is engaged by an attorney to assist in the rendition of professional legal services to that child, (ii) when the information that would serve as the basis for reporting arises in furtherance of facilitating the rendition of those professional legal services to that child, and (iii) when the information that would serve as the basis for reporting is documented by the mental health/social service practitioner. The documentation shall be retained by the mental health/social service practitioner until one year after the child has reached the age of majority.

            (c) “Member of the clergy” is any priest, rabbi, duly ordained clerical deacon or minister, Christian Science practitioner, or other similarly situated functionary of a religious organization, except that he is not required to report a confidential communication, as defined in Code of Evidence Article 511, from a person to a member of the clergy who, in the course of the discipline or practice of that church, denomination, or organization, is authorized or accustomed to hearing confidential communications, and under the discipline or tenets of the church, denomination, or organization has a duty to keep such communications confidential. In that instance, he shall encourage that person to report the allegations to the appropriate authorities in accordance with Article 610.

            (d) “Teaching or child care provider” is any person who provides or assists in the teaching, training, and supervision of a child, including any public or private teacher, teacher’s aide, instructional aide, school principal, school staff member, school resource officer, bus driver, coach, professor, technical or vocational instructor, technical or vocational school staff member, college or university administrator, college or university staff member, social worker, probation officer, foster home parent, group home or other child care institutional staff member, personnel of residential home facilities, a licensed or unlicensed day care provider, or any individual who provides these services to a child in a voluntary or professional capacity.

            (e) Police officers or law enforcement officials. Any police officer or law enforcement official who works as a school resource officer shall be considered a mandatory reporter. A school resource officer shall not receive information from another mandatory reporter or commence or oversee any investigation into the report.

            (f) “Commercial film and photographic print processor” is any person who develops exposed photographic film into negatives, slides, or prints, or who makes prints from negatives or slides for compensation.

            (g) Mediators appointed pursuant to Chapter 6 of Title IV.

            (h) A parenting coordinator appointed pursuant to La. Rev. Stat. 9:358.1 et seq.

            (i) A court-appointed special advocates (CASA) volunteer under the supervision of a CASA program appointed pursuant to Chapter 4 of Title IV.

            (j) “Organizational or youth activity provider” is any person who provides organized activities for children, including administrators, employees, or volunteers of any day camp, summer camp, youth center, or youth recreation programs or any other organization that provides organized activities for children.

            (k) School coaches, including but not limited to public technical or vocational school, community college, college, or university coaches and coaches of intramural or interscholastic athletics.

            (18) “Neglect” means the refusal or unreasonable failure of a parent or caretaker to supply the child with necessary food, clothing, shelter, care, treatment, or counseling for any injury, illness, or condition of the child, as a result of which the child’s physical, mental, or emotional health, welfare, and safety is substantially threatened or impaired. Neglect includes prenatal neglect. Consistent with Article 606(B), the inability of a parent or caretaker to provide for a child due to inadequate financial resources shall not, for that reason alone, be considered neglect. Whenever, in lieu of medical care, a child is being provided treatment in accordance with the tenets of a well-recognized religious method of healing that has a reasonable, proven record of success, the child shall not, for that reason alone, be considered to be neglected or maltreated. However, nothing in this Subparagraph shall prohibit the court from ordering medical services for the child when there is substantial risk of harm to the child’s health, welfare, or safety.

            (19) “Newborn” means a child who is not more than thirty days old, as determined within a reasonable degree of medical certainty by an examining physician.

            (20) “Other suitable individual” means a person with whom the child enjoys a close, established, significant relationship, yet not a blood relative, including a neighbor, godparent, teacher, or close friend of the parent.

            (21) “Permanency hearing” means a hearing for the purpose of determining the permanent plan for the child.

            (22) “Permanent placement” means:

            (a) Return of the legal custody of a child to his parent or parents.

            (b) Placement of the child with adoptive parents pursuant to a final decree of adoption.

            (c) Placement of the child with a legal guardian.

            (23) “Person” means any individual, partnership, association, agency, or corporation, and specifically shall include city, parish, or state law enforcement agencies, and a parish or city school board or a person employed by a parish or city school board.

            (24) “Prenatal neglect” means exposure to chronic or severe use of alcohol or the unlawful use of any controlled dangerous substance, as defined by La. Rev. Stat. 40:961 et seq., or in a manner not lawfully prescribed, which results in symptoms of withdrawal in the newborn or the presence of a controlled substance or a metabolic thereof in his body, blood, urine, or meconium that is not the result of medical treatment, or observable and harmful effects in his physical appearance or functioning.

            (25) “Protective capacity” means the cognitive, behavioral, and emotional knowledge, abilities, and practices that prevent or control threats of danger to children.

            (26) “Reasonable efforts” means the exercise of ordinary diligence and care by the department throughout the pendency of a case pursuant to the obligations imposed on the state by federal and state law to provide services and supports designed and intended to prevent or eliminate the need for removing a child from the child’s home, to reunite families after separation, and to achieve safe permanency for children. Reasonable efforts shall be determined by the particular facts and circumstances of each case, including the individualized needs of each child and the family, the imminence and potential severity of the threat of danger, the strengths of each child and the family, and the community of support available to the family. In making reasonable efforts, the health, welfare, and safety of the child shall be the paramount concern.

            (27) “Relative” means an individual with whom the child has established a significant relationship by blood, adoption, or affinity.

            (28) “Removal” means placing a child in the custody of the state or with someone other than the parent or caretaker during or after the course of an investigation of abuse and neglect to secure the child’s health, welfare, and safety.

            (29) “Safe” and “safety” mean the condition of not being unsafe. Whether a child is unsafe shall be determined by the particular facts and circumstances of each case, including consideration of the threat of danger to the child, whether the child is vulnerable to the threat, and the parent’s or caretaker’s protective capacity to manage or control the threat.

            (30) “Safety plan” means a plan for the purpose of assuring a child’s health, welfare, and safety by imposing conditions for the child to safely remain in the home, or, after a child has been removed from the home, for the continued placement of the child with a custodian and terms for contact between the child and the child’s parents or other persons.

            (31) “Threat of danger” exists when the behavior of a parent or caretaker or the family situation indicates serious harm, in the near future, to the child’s physical, mental, or emotional health, welfare, and safety.

            (32) “Vulnerable” means the inability to protect oneself from identified threats of danger.

            Acts 1991, No. 235, §6, eff. Jan. 1, 1992; Acts 1992, No. 705, §1, eff. July 6, 1992; Acts 1993, No. 634, §1, eff. June 15, 1993; Acts 1995, No. 444, §1, eff June 17, 1995; Acts 1999, No. 449, §§1, 2, eff. July 1, 1999; Acts 1999, No. 769, §1, eff. July 2, 1999; Acts 1999, No. 894, §1; Acts 2001, No. 567, §1; Acts 2003, No. 567, §1; Acts 2003, No. 1187, §1; Acts 2004, No. 398, §1, eff. June 23, 2004; Acts 2005, No. 148, §1; Acts 2005, No. 338, §1; Acts 2006, No. 157, §1; Acts 2006, No. 278, §1; Acts 2007, No. 119, §1, eff. June 25, 2007; Acts 2007, No. 265, §1; Acts 2007, No. 334, §1; Acts 2007, No. 396, §1, eff. when funds are appropriated by the legislature; Acts 2008, No. 394, §1, eff. June 21, 2008; Acts 2012, No. 268, §2, eff. May 25, 2012; Acts 2012, No. 380, §1; Acts 2012, No. 446, §6; Acts 2012, No. 614, §2, eff. June 7, 2012; Acts 2013, No. 260, §1; Acts 2014, No. 486, §1; Acts 2014, No. 564, §7; Acts 2014, No. 569, §1; Acts 2014, No. 602, §7, eff. June 12, 2014; Acts 2015, No. 217, §1; Acts 2017, No. 359, §§1, 3, 4; Acts 2018, No. 458, §2; Acts 2019, No. 280, §1; Acts 2021, No. 158, §1; Acts 2021, No. 367, §1; Acts 2022, No. 272, §1; Acts 2024, No. 216, §1, eff. May 23, 2024.