Terms Used In Minnesota Statutes > Chapter 169 - Traffic Regulations

• abode: means domicile;

  (2) "action" means any proceeding in any court of this state;

  (3) "adult" means an individual 18 years of age or over;

  (4) "as now provided by law" means a reference to the laws in force at the time the law containing the phrase was finally enacted;

  (5) "as provided by law" means a reference to the laws in force at the particular time the law containing the phrase is applied;

  (6) "attorney at law" means an individual admitted to practice law by a court of record of this state;

  (7) "attorney of record" means an attorney at law who is entered on the docket or record of a court as appearing for or representing a party in a legal proceeding;

  (8) "child" or "children" includes children by birth or adoption;

  (9) "day" comprises the time from midnight to the next midnight;

  (10) "fiscal year" means the year by or for which accounts are reckoned;

  (11) "hereafter" means a reference to the time after the time when the law containing such word takes effect;

  (12) "heretofore" means a reference to the time previous to the time when the law containing such word takes effect;

  (13) "judicial sale" means a sale conducted by an officer or person authorized for the purpose by some competent tribunal;

  (14) "minor" means an individual under the age of 18 years;

  (15) "money" means lawful money of the United States;

  (16) "night time" means the time from sunset to sunrise;

  (17) "non compos mentis" refers to an individual of unsound mind;

  (18) "notary" means a notary public;

  (19) "now" in any provision of a law referring to other laws in force, or to persons in office, or to any facts or circumstances as existing, relates to the laws in force, or to the persons in office, or to the facts or circumstances existing, respectively, on the effective date of such provision;

  (20) "verified" when used in reference to writings, means supported by oath or affirmation. See Minnesota Statutes 645.45

• Accommodations intermediary: means any person or entity, other than an accommodations provider, that facilitates the sale of lodging as defined in subdivision 3, paragraph (g), clause (2), and that charges a room charge to a customer. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Accommodations provider: means any person or entity that furnishes lodging as defined in subdivision 3, paragraph (g), clause (2), to the general public for compensation. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Acquittal:
  1. Judgement that a criminal defendant has not been proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
  2. A verdict of "not guilty."
   
• Adjourn: A motion to adjourn a legislative chamber or a committee, if passed, ends that day's session.
• Adult: means an individual 18 years of age or older. See Minnesota Statutes 645.451
• Advice and consent: Under the Constitution, presidential nominations for executive and judicial posts take effect only when confirmed by the Senate, and international treaties become effective only when the Senate approves them by a two-thirds vote.
• Advisory board: means the Iron Range Resources and Rehabilitation Board, as established under section 298. See Minnesota Statutes 298.001
• Affidavit: A written statement of facts confirmed by the oath of the party making it, before a notary or officer having authority to administer oaths.
• affiliated group of corporations: means those entities that would be classified as members of an affiliated group as defined under United States Code, title 26, § 1504, disregarding the exclusions in section 1504(b). See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Agglomerates: means the merchantable iron ore aggregates which are produced by agglomeration. See Minnesota Statutes 298.001
• Agricultural production: includes , but is not limited to, horticulture, silviculture, floriculture, maple syrup harvesting, and the raising of pets, livestock as defined in section 17A. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Allegation: something that someone says happened.
• Amendment: A proposal to alter the text of a pending bill or other measure by striking out some of it, by inserting new language, or both. Before an amendment becomes part of the measure, thelegislature must agree to it.
• Amortization: Paying off a loan by regular installments.
• Ancillary benefit: means a benefit payable from the special fund of the relief association other than a service pension that is permitted by law and that is provided for in the relief association bylaws. See Minnesota Statutes 424A.001
• Ancillary services: means services that are associated with or incidental to the provision of telecommunications services, including, but not limited to, conference bridging service, detailed telecommunications billing, directory assistance, vertical service, and voice mail services. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Annual percentage rate: The cost of credit at a yearly rate. It is calculated in a standard way, taking the average compound interest rate over the term of the loan so borrowers can compare loans. Lenders are required by law to disclose a card account's APR. ^{Source: FDIC}
• Annuity: A periodic (usually annual) payment of a fixed sum of money for either the life of the recipient or for a fixed number of years. A series of payments under a contract from an insurance company, a trust company, or an individual. Annuity payments are made at regular intervals over a period of more than one full year.
• Answer: The formal written statement by a defendant responding to a civil complaint and setting forth the grounds for defense.
• Appeal: A request made after a trial, asking another court (usually the court of appeals) to decide whether the trial was conducted properly. To make such a request is "to appeal" or "to take an appeal." One who appeals is called the appellant.
• Appellate: About appeals; an appellate court has the power to review the judgement of another lower court or tribunal.
• Appraisal: A determination of property value.
• Appropriation: The provision of funds, through an annual appropriations act or a permanent law, for federal agencies to make payments out of the Treasury for specified purposes. The formal federal spending process consists of two sequential steps: authorization
• Aquaculture production equipment: means new or used machinery, equipment, implements, accessories, and contrivances used directly and principally in aquaculture production. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Arrest: Taking physical custody of a person by lawful authority.
• Assets: (1) The property comprising the estate of a deceased person, or (2) the property in a trust account.
• Attachment: A procedure by which a person's property is seized to pay judgments levied by the court.
• Attorney-in-fact: A person who, acting as an agent, is given written authorization by another person to transact business for him (her) out of court.
• Bail: Security given for the release of a criminal defendant or witness from legal custody (usually in the form of money) to secure his/her appearance on the day and time appointed.
• Bailiff: a court officer who enforces the rules of behavior in courtrooms.
• Bankruptcy: Refers to statutes and judicial proceedings involving persons or businesses that cannot pay their debts and seek the assistance of the court in getting a fresh start. Under the protection of the bankruptcy court, debtors may discharge their debts, perhaps by paying a portion of each debt. Bankruptcy judges preside over these proceedings.
• Beneficiary: A person who is entitled to receive the benefits or proceeds of a will, trust, insurance policy, retirement plan, annuity, or other contract. ^{Source: OCC}
• Bequest: Property gifted by will.
• Break in service: means temporarily ceasing all of the following with a particular fire department:

  (1) performing fire suppression duties;

  (2) performing fire prevention duties;

  (3) supervising fire suppression duties; and

  (4) supervising fire prevention duties. See Minnesota Statutes 424A.001

• Bundled transaction: means the retail sale of two or more products when the products are otherwise distinct and identifiable, and the products are sold for one nonitemized price. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Candy: means a preparation of sugar, honey, or other natural or artificial sweeteners in combination with chocolate, fruits, nuts, or other ingredients or flavorings in the form of bars, drops, or pieces. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Chair: includes chairman, chairwoman, and chairperson. See Minnesota Statutes 645.44
• Chambers: A judge's office.
• Charity: An agency, institution, or organization in existence and operating for the benefit of an indefinite number of persons and conducted for educational, religious, scientific, medical, or other beneficent purposes.
• Chief judge: The judge who has primary responsibility for the administration of a court but also decides cases; chief judges are determined by seniority.
• children: includes children by birth or adoption;

  (9) "day" comprises the time from midnight to the next midnight;

  (10) "fiscal year" means the year by or for which accounts are reckoned;

  (11) "hereafter" means a reference to the time after the time when the law containing such word takes effect;

  (12) "heretofore" means a reference to the time previous to the time when the law containing such word takes effect;

  (13) "judicial sale" means a sale conducted by an officer or person authorized for the purpose by some competent tribunal;

  (14) "minor" means an individual under the age of 18 years;

  (15) "money" means lawful money of the United States;

  (16) "night time" means the time from sunset to sunrise;

  (17) "non compos mentis" refers to an individual of unsound mind;

  (18) "notary" means a notary public;

  (19) "now" in any provision of a law referring to other laws in force, or to persons in office, or to any facts or circumstances as existing, relates to the laws in force, or to the persons in office, or to the facts or circumstances existing, respectively, on the effective date of such provision;

  (20) "verified" when used in reference to writings, means supported by oath or affirmation. See Minnesota Statutes 645.45

• City: includes any home rule charter city, statutory city, or any city however organized. See Minnesota Statutes 298.001
• Commissioner: means the commissioner of revenue of the state of Minnesota, except that when used in sections 298. See Minnesota Statutes 298.001
• Commissioner: means the commissioner of revenue of the state of Minnesota or a person to whom the commissioner has delegated functions. See Minnesota Statutes 289A.02
• Commissioner: means the commissioner of revenue of the state of Minnesota. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Common law: The legal system that originated in England and is now in use in the United States. It is based on judicial decisions rather than legislative action.
• Complaint: A written statement by the plaintiff stating the wrongs allegedly committed by the defendant.
• Computer: means an electronic device that accepts information in digital or similar form and manipulates it for a result based on a sequence of instructions. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Computer software: means a set of coded instructions designed to cause a computer or automatic data processing equipment to perform a task. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Concurrent resolution: A legislative measure, designated "S. Con. Res." and numbered consecutively upon introduction, generally employed to address the sentiments of both chambers, to deal with issues or matters affecting both houses, such as a concurrent budget resolution, or to create a temporary joint committee. Concurrent resolutions are not submitted to the President/Governor and thus do not have the force of law.
• Conference bridging service: means an ancillary service that links two or more participants of an audio or video conference call and may include the provision of a telephone number. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Continuance: Putting off of a hearing ot trial until a later time.
• Contract: A legal written agreement that becomes binding when signed.
• Conviction: A judgement of guilt against a criminal defendant.
• Corporation: A legal entity owned by the holders of shares of stock that have been issued, and that can own, receive, and transfer property, and carry on business in its own name.
• Counterclaim: A claim that a defendant makes against a plaintiff.
• court administrator: means the court administrator of the court in which the action or proceeding is pending, and "court administrator's office" means that court administrator's office. See Minnesota Statutes 645.44
• Damages: Money paid by defendants to successful plaintiffs in civil cases to compensate the plaintiffs for their injuries.
• Decedent: A deceased person.
• Deed: The legal instrument used to transfer title in real property from one person to another.
• Defendant: In a civil suit, the person complained against; in a criminal case, the person accused of the crime.
• Defined benefit relief association: means a volunteer firefighters relief association that provides a lump-sum service pension, provides a monthly benefit service pension, or provides a lump-sum service pension as an alternative to the monthly benefit service pension. See Minnesota Statutes 424A.001
• Defined contribution relief association: means a volunteer firefighters relief association that provides a service pension based solely on an individual account balance rather than a specified annual lump-sum or monthly benefit service pension amount. See Minnesota Statutes 424A.001
• Delivered electronically: means delivered to the purchaser by means other than tangible storage media. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Delivery charges: means charges by the seller of personal property or services for preparation and delivery to a location designated by the purchaser of personal property or services including, but not limited to, transportation, shipping, postage, handling, crating, and packing. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Dependent: A person dependent for support upon another.
• Deposition: An oral statement made before an officer authorized by law to administer oaths. Such statements are often taken to examine potential witnesses, to obtain discovery, or to be used later in trial.
• Devise: To gift property by will.
• Digital audio works: means works that result from a fixation of a series of musical, spoken, or other sounds, that are transferred electronically. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Digital audiovisual works: means a series of related images which, when shown in succession, impart an impression of motion, together with accompanying sounds, if any, that are transferred electronically. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Digital books: means any literary works, other than digital audiovisual works or digital audio works, expressed in words, numbers, or other verbal or numerical symbols or indicia so long as the product is generally recognized in the ordinary and usual sense as a "book. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Digital code: means a code which provides a purchaser with a right to obtain one or more specified digital products or other digital products. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Direct mail: includes tangible personal property supplied directly or indirectly by the purchaser to the direct mail seller for inclusion in the package containing the printed material. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Direct reduced ore: means ore that results in a product that has an iron content of at least 75 percent. See Minnesota Statutes 298.001
• Directory assistance: means an ancillary service of providing telephone number information or address information, or both. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Discovery: Lawyers' examination, before trial, of facts and documents in possession of the opponents to help the lawyers prepare for trial.
• Dismissal: The dropping of a case by the judge without further consideration or hearing. ^Source:
• Donee: The recipient of a gift.
• Donor: The person who makes a gift.
• Electronic: means relating to technology having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Electronic funds transfer: The transfer of money between accounts by consumer electronic systems-such as automated teller machines (ATMs) and electronic payment of bills-rather than by check or cash. (Wire transfers, checks, drafts, and paper instruments do not fall into this category.) ^{Source: OCC}
• Electronic means: refers to a method that is electronic, as defined in section 325L. See Minnesota Statutes 289A.02
• Embezzlement: In most states, embezzlement is defined as theft/larceny of assets (money or property) by a person in a position of trust or responsibility over those assets. Embezzlement typically occurs in the employment and corporate settings. ^{Source: OCC}
• Entitlement: A Federal program or provision of law that requires payments to any person or unit of government that meets the eligibility criteria established by law. Entitlements constitute a binding obligation on the part of the Federal Government, and eligible recipients have legal recourse if the obligation is not fulfilled. Social Security and veterans' compensation and pensions are examples of entitlement programs.
• Equitable: Pertaining to civil suits in "equity" rather than in "law." In English legal history, the courts of "law" could order the payment of damages and could afford no other remedy. See damages. A separate court of "equity" could order someone to do something or to cease to do something. See, e.g., injunction. In American jurisprudence, the federal courts have both legal and equitable power, but the distinction is still an important one. For example, a trial by jury is normally available in "law" cases but not in "equity" cases. ^{Source: U.S. Courts}
• Escrow: Money given to a third party to be held for payment until certain conditions are met.
• estimated market value: has the meaning given in section 273. See Minnesota Statutes 645.44
• Evidence: Information presented in testimony or in documents that is used to persuade the fact finder (judge or jury) to decide the case for one side or the other.
• Ex officio: Literally, by virtue of one's office.
• Executor: A male person named in a will to carry out the decedent
• facilitates the sale: includes brokering, coordinating, or in any way arranging for the purchase of or the right to use accommodations by a customer. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Fair market value: The price at which an asset would change hands in a transaction between a willing, informed buyer and a willing, informed seller.
• Farm machinery: means new or used machinery, equipment, implements, accessories, and contrivances used directly and principally in agricultural production of tangible personal property intended to be sold ultimately at retail including, but not limited to:

  (1) machinery for the preparation, seeding, or cultivation of soil for growing agricultural crops;

  (2) barn cleaners, milking systems, grain dryers, feeding systems including stationary feed bunks, and similar installations, whether or not the equipment is installed by the seller and becomes part of the real property; and

  (3) irrigation equipment sold for exclusively agricultural use, including pumps, pipe fittings, valves, sprinklers, and other equipment necessary to the operation of an irrigation system when sold as part of an irrigation system, whether or not the equipment is installed by the seller and becomes part of the real property. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61

• Federal Reserve System: The central bank of the United States. The Fed, as it is commonly called, regulates the U.S. monetary and financial system. The Federal Reserve System is composed of a central governmental agency in Washington, D.C. (the Board of Governors) and twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks in major cities throughout the United States. ^{Source: OCC}
• Fee simple: Absolute title to property with no limitations or restrictions regarding the person who may inherit it.
• Fiduciary: A trustee, executor, or administrator.
• Fire department: includes a municipal fire department, an independent nonprofit firefighting corporation, and a fire department established as or operated by a joint powers entity under section 471. See Minnesota Statutes 424A.001
• Fiscal year: The fiscal year is the accounting period for the government. For the federal government, this begins on October 1 and ends on September 30. The fiscal year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends; for example, fiscal year 2006 begins on October 1, 2005 and ends on September 30, 2006.
• Folio: means 100 words, counting as a word each number necessarily used; if there be fewer than 100 words in all, the paper shall be computed as one folio; likewise any excess over the last full folio. See Minnesota Statutes 645.44
• For-hire carrier: means a person engaged in transportation for hire of tangible personal property. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Foreclosure: A legal process in which property that is collateral or security for a loan may be sold to help repay the loan when the loan is in default. ^{Source: OCC}
• Fraud: Intentional deception resulting in injury to another.
• fur: means any animal skin or part of an animal skin with hair, fleece, or fur fibers attached to it, either in its raw or processed state, but does not include animal skins that have been converted into leather or suede, or from which the hair, fleece, or fur fiber has been completely removed in processing the skins. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Fur clothing: means human wearing apparel that is required by the Federal Fur Products Labeling Act, United States Code, title 15, § 69, to be labeled as a fur product, and the value of the fur components in the product is more than three times the value of the next most valuable tangible component. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• furnishes: includes the sale of use or possession, or the sale of the right to use or possess. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Garnishment: Generally, garnishment is a court proceeding in which a creditor asks a court to order a third party who owes money to the debtor or otherwise holds assets belonging to the debtor to turn over to the creditor any of the debtor
• Gift: A voluntary transfer or conveyance of property without consideration, or for less than full and adequate consideration based on fair market value.
• Grand jury: agreement providing that a lender will delay exercising its rights (in the case of a mortgage,
• Grantor: The person who establishes a trust and places property into it.
• Gross estate: The total fair market value of all property and property interests, real and personal, tangible and intangible, of which a decedent had beneficial ownership at the time of death before subtractions for deductions, debts, administrative expenses, and casualty losses suffered during estate administration.
• Gross receipts: means the total amount received, in money or by barter or exchange, for all sales at retail as measured by the sales price. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Guardian: A person legally empowered and charged with the duty of taking care of and managing the property of another person who because of age, intellect, or health, is incapable of managing his (her) own affairs.
• Holiday: includes New Year's Day, January 1; Martin Luther King's Birthday, the third Monday in January; Washington's and Lincoln's Birthday, the third Monday in February; Memorial Day, the last Monday in May; Juneteenth, June 19; Independence Day, July 4; Labor Day, the first Monday in September; Indigenous Peoples Day, the second Monday in October; Veterans Day, November 11; Thanksgiving Day, the fourth Thursday in November; and Christmas Day, December 25; provided, when New Year's Day, January 1; or Juneteenth, June 19; or Independence Day, July 4; or Veterans Day, November 11; or Christmas Day, December 25; falls on Sunday, the following day shall be a holiday and, provided, when New Year's Day, January 1; or Juneteenth, June 19; or Independence Day, July 4; or Veterans Day, November 11; or Christmas Day, December 25; falls on Saturday, the preceding day shall be a holiday. See Minnesota Statutes 645.44
• Impeachment: (1) The process of calling something into question, as in "impeaching the testimony of a witness." (2) The constitutional process whereby the House of Representatives may "impeach" (accuse of misconduct) high officers of the federal government for trial in the Senate.
• In forma pauperis: In the manner of a pauper. Permission given to a person to sue without payment of court fees on claim of indigence or poverty.
• Indemnification: In general, a collateral contract or assurance under which one person agrees to secure another person against either anticipated financial losses or potential adverse legal consequences. ^{Source: FDIC}
• Indictment: The formal charge issued by a grand jury stating that there is enough evidence that the defendant committed the crime to justify having a trial; it is used primarily for felonies.
• Injunction: An order of the court prohibiting (or compelling) the performance of a specific act to prevent irreparable damage or injury.
• Intangible property: Property that has no intrinsic value, but is merely the evidence of value such as stock certificates, bonds, and promissory notes.
• Inter vivos: Transfer of property from one living person to another living person.
• Interest rate: The amount paid by a borrower to a lender in exchange for the use of the lender's money for a certain period of time. Interest is paid on loans or on debt instruments, such as notes or bonds, either at regular intervals or as part of a lump sum payment when the issue matures. ^{Source: OCC}
• Internal Revenue Code: means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended through May 1, 2023. See Minnesota Statutes 289A.02
• Internal Revenue Code: means the Internal Revenue Code as defined in section 289A. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Iron sulphides: means chemical combinations of iron and sulphur (mineralogically known as pyrrhotite, pyrites, or marcasite), in relatively impure condition, which are not merchantable as iron ore and which cannot be made merchantable by the simple methods of beneficiation above described. See Minnesota Statutes 298.001
• Joint committee: Committees including membership from both houses of teh legislature. Joint committees are usually established with narrow jurisdictions and normally lack authority to report legislation.
• Joint meeting: An occasion, often ceremonial, when the House and Senate each adopt a unanimous consent agreement
• Joint resolution: A legislative measure which requires the approval of both chambers.
• Joint session: When both chambers of a legislature adopt a concurrent resolution to meet together.
• Jurisdiction: (1) The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case. Concurrent jurisdiction exists when two courts have simultaneous responsibility for the same case. (2) The geographic area over which the court has authority to decide cases.
• Juror: A person who is on the jury.
• Lease: A contract transferring the use of property or occupancy of land, space, structures, or equipment in consideration of a payment (e.g., rent). ^{Source: OCC}
• Lease or rental: means any transfer of possession or control of tangible personal property for a fixed or indeterminate term for consideration. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Legatee: A beneficiary of a decedent
• Legislative session: That part of a chamber's daily session in which it considers legislative business (bills, resolutions, and actions related thereto).
• Liabilities: The aggregate of all debts and other legal obligations of a particular person or legal entity.
• Lien: A claim against real or personal property in satisfaction of a debt.
• Litigation: A case, controversy, or lawsuit. Participants (plaintiffs and defendants) in lawsuits are called litigants.
• Load and leave: means delivered to the purchaser by use of a tangible storage media where the tangible storage media is not physically transferred to the purchaser. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Logging equipment: means new or used machinery, equipment, implements, accessories, and contrivances used directly and principally in the commercial cutting or removal or both of timber or other solid wood forest products intended to be sold ultimately at retail, including, but not limited to:

  (1) machinery used for bucking, bunching, debarking, delimbing, felling, forwarding, loading, piling, skidding, topping, and yarding operations performed on timber; and

  (2) chain saws. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61

• Majority: means with respect to an individual the period of time after the individual reaches the age of 18. See Minnesota Statutes 645.451
• Majority leader: see Floor Leaders
• Merchantable iron ore concentrate: means iron-bearing material that has been treated in Minnesota by any means of beneficiation, separation, concentration, or refinement for the purpose of making it salable for its iron ore content. See Minnesota Statutes 298.001
• Mining company: means a person engaged in the business of mining or producing ores in Minnesota subject to the taxes imposed by section 298. See Minnesota Statutes 289A.02
• Minor: means an individual under the age of 18. See Minnesota Statutes 645.451
• Minority: means with respect to an individual the period of time during which the individual is a minor. See Minnesota Statutes 645.451
• Month: means a calendar month and "year" means a calendar year, unless otherwise expressed; and "year" is equivalent to the expression "year of our Lord. See Minnesota Statutes 645.44
• Mortgage: The written agreement pledging property to a creditor as collateral for a loan.
• Mortgage loan: A loan made by a lender to a borrower for the financing of real property. ^{Source: OCC}
• Mortgagee: The person to whom property is mortgaged and who has loaned the money.
• Mortgagor: The person who pledges property to a creditor as collateral for a loan and who receives the money.
• Motor vehicle repair materials: means items, other than motor vehicle repair paint or motor vehicle parts, that become a part of a repaired motor vehicle or are consumed in repairing the motor vehicle at retail, and include abrasives, battery water, body filler or putty, bolts and nuts, brake fluid, buffing pads, chamois, cleaning compounds, degreasing compounds, glaze, grease, grinding discs, hydraulic jack oil, lubricants, masking tape, oxygen and acetylene, polishes, rags, razor blades, sandpaper, sanding discs, scuff pads, sealer, solder, solvents, striping tape, tack cloth, thinner, waxes, and welding rods. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Motor vehicle repair paint: means a substance composed of solid matter suspended in a liquid medium and applied as a protective or decorative coating to the surface of a motor vehicle in order to restore the motor vehicle to its original condition, and includes primer, body paint, clear coat, and paint thinner used to paint motor vehicles, as defined in section 297B. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Municipal: means of a city or township. See Minnesota Statutes 424A.001
• Municipal clerk: means the person elected or appointed to the position of municipal clerk, the chief financial official or chief administrative official designated to perform such function, or, if there is no such person or designation, the chief financial official, the chief administrative official, or the person primarily responsible for managing the finances of a municipality. See Minnesota Statutes 424A.001
• Municipality: means a city or township which has established a fire department with which the relief association is directly associated, a city or township which has entered into a contract with the independent nonprofit firefighting corporation of which the relief association is directly associated, or a city or township that has entered into a contract with a joint powers entity established under section 471. See Minnesota Statutes 424A.001
• Nolo contendere: No contest-has the same effect as a plea of guilty, as far as the criminal sentence is concerned, but may not be considered as an admission of guilt for any other purpose.
• Normal course of business: means activities that demonstrate a commercial continuity or consistency of making sales or performing services for the purposes of attaining profit or producing income. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Oath: A promise to tell the truth.
• Oath: includes "affirmation" in all cases where by law an affirmation may be substituted for an oath; and in like cases "swear" includes "affirm" and "sworn" "affirmed. See Minnesota Statutes 645.44
• Obligation: An order placed, contract awarded, service received, or similar transaction during a given period that will require payments during the same or a future period.
• Other digital products: means the following items when transferred electronically:

  (1) greeting cards; and

  (2) online video or electronic games. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61

• Other iron-bearing material: means the material described in section 298. See Minnesota Statutes 298.001
• Oversight: Committee review of the activities of a Federal agency or program.
• Partnership: A voluntary contract between two or more persons to pool some or all of their assets into a business, with the agreement that there will be a proportional sharing of profits and losses.
• Person: means individuals, fiduciaries, estates, trusts, partnerships, companies, joint stock companies, corporations, and all associations. See Minnesota Statutes 298.001
• Person: means an individual, partnership, corporation, association, governmental unit or agency, or public or private organization of any kind, under a duty to comply with state tax laws because of its character or position. See Minnesota Statutes 289A.02
• Person: includes any individual or group and any combination of individuals, groups, or individuals and groups acting as a unit. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Person: may extend and be applied to bodies politic and corporate, and to partnerships and other unincorporated associations. See Minnesota Statutes 645.44
• Person with a disability: means an individual who has a permanent and total disability as defined in section 273. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Personal property: All property that is not real property.
• Petit jury: A group of citizens who hear the evidence presented by both sides at trial and determine the facts in dispute. Federal criminal juries consist of 12 persons. Federal civil juries consist of six persons.
• Petty offense: A federal misdemeanor punishable by six months or less in prison. ^{Source: U.S. Courts}
• Plaintiff: The person who files the complaint in a civil lawsuit.
• Plea: In a criminal case, the defendant's statement pleading "guilty" or "not guilty" in answer to the charges, a declaration made in open court.
• Pleadings: Written statements of the parties in a civil case of their positions. In the federal courts, the principal pleadings are the complaint and the answer.
• Power of attorney: A written instrument which authorizes one person to act as another's agent or attorney. The power of attorney may be for a definite, specific act, or it may be general in nature. The terms of the written power of attorney may specify when it will expire. If not, the power of attorney usually expires when the person granting it dies. ^{Source: OCC}
• Precedent: A court decision in an earlier case with facts and law similar to a dispute currently before a court. Precedent will ordinarily govern the decision of a later similar case, unless a party can show that it was wrongly decided or that it differed in some significant way.
• Preliminary hearing: A hearing where the judge decides whether there is enough evidence to make the defendant have a trial.
• Prepared food: means food that meets either of the following conditions:

  (1) the food is sold with eating utensils provided by the seller, including plates, knives, forks, spoons, glasses, cups, napkins, or straws; or

  (2) the food is sold in a heated state or heated by the seller or two or more food ingredients are mixed or combined by the seller for sale as a single item, except for:

  (i) bakery items, including, but not limited to, bread, rolls, buns, biscuits, bagels, croissants, pastries, donuts, danish, cakes, tortes, pies, tarts, muffins, bars, cookies, tortillas;

  (ii) ready-to-eat meat and seafood in an unheated state sold by weight;

  (iii) eggs, fish, meat, poultry, and foods containing these raw animal foods requiring cooking by the consumer as recommended by the Food and Drug Administration in chapter 3, part 401. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61

• Presiding officer: A majority-party Senator who presides over the Senate and is charged with maintaining order and decorum, recognizing Members to speak, and interpreting the Senate's rules, practices and precedents.
• Prewritten computer software: includes software designed and developed by the author or other creator to the specifications of a specific purchaser when it is sold to a person other than the specific purchaser. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Private communication service: means a telecommunication service that entitles the customer to exclusive or priority use of a communication channel or group of channels between or among termination points, regardless of the manner in which the channel or channels are connected, and includes switching capacity, extension lines, stations, and any other associated services that are provided in connection with the use of the channel or channels. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Probable cause: A reasonable ground for belief that the offender violated a specific law.
• Probate: Proving a will
• Probation: A sentencing alternative to imprisonment in which the court releases convicted defendants under supervision as long as certain conditions are observed.
• Probation officers: Screen applicants for pretrial release and monitor convicted offenders released under court supervision.
• Producer: means a person engaged in the business of mining or producing iron ore, taconite concentrate, or direct reduced ore in this state. See Minnesota Statutes 298.001
• product: includes tangible personal property, services, intangibles, and digital goods, including specified digital products or other digital products, but does not include real property or services to real property. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Prosecute: To charge someone with a crime. A prosecutor tries a criminal case on behalf of the government.
• Public defender: Represent defendants who can't afford an attorney in criminal matters.
• Public law: A public bill or joint resolution that has passed both chambers and been enacted into law. Public laws have general applicability nationwide.
• Public waters: means public waters as defined in section 103G. See Minnesota Statutes 645.44
• purchase: include , but are not limited to, each of the transactions listed in this subdivision. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Purchase price: means the measure subject to the use tax and has the same meaning as "sales price. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Quorum: The number of legislators that must be present to do business.
• Real property: Land, and all immovable fixtures erected on, growing on, or affixed to the land.
• Real property: includes :

  (1) the land itself;

  (2) buildings and structures constructed or erected on the land and intended to be permanent; and

  (3) improvements and fixtures if incorporated into and intended to be of a permanent benefit to a building or structure given its present use, and that cannot be removed without causing substantial damage to the building or structure. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61

• Recess: A temporary interruption of the legislative business.
• Refining: means and is limited to refining:

  (1) of ores, metals, or mineral products, the mining, extraction, or quarrying of which were subject to tax under section 298. See Minnesota Statutes 298.001

• Remainder: An interest in property that takes effect in the future at a specified time or after the occurrence of some event, such as the death of a life tenant.
• Remand: When an appellate court sends a case back to a lower court for further proceedings.
• Reporter: Makes a record of court proceedings and prepares a transcript, and also publishes the court's opinions or decisions (in the courts of appeals).
• Rescission: The cancellation of budget authority previously provided by Congress. The Impoundment Control Act of 1974 specifies that the President may propose to Congress that funds be rescinded. If both Houses have not approved a rescission proposal (by passing legislation) within 45 days of continuous session, any funds being withheld must be made available for obligation.
• Restitution: The court-ordered payment of money by the defendant to the victim for damages caused by the criminal action.
• retail sale: include the taxable services listed in paragraph (g), clause (6), items (i) to (vi) and (viii), and the provision of these taxable services, unless specifically provided otherwise. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Revocable trust: A trust agreement that can be canceled, rescinded, revoked, or repealed by the grantor (person who establishes the trust).
• Ring tone: means a digitized sound file that is downloaded onto a device and that may be used to alert the customer with respect to a communication. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• road construction: means construction of:

  (i) public roads;

  (ii) cartways; and

  (iii) private roads in townships located outside of the seven-county metropolitan area up to the point of the emergency response location sign; and

  (6) services as provided in this clause:

  (i) laundry and dry cleaning services including cleaning, pressing, repairing, altering, and storing clothes, linen services and supply, cleaning and blocking hats, and carpet, drapery, upholstery, and industrial cleaning. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61

• Sales price: means the measure subject to sales tax, and means the total amount of consideration, including cash, credit, personal property, and services, for which personal property or services are sold, leased, or rented, valued in money, whether received in money or otherwise, without any deduction for the following:

  (1) the seller's cost of the property sold;

  (2) the cost of materials used, labor or service cost, interest, losses, all costs of transportation to the seller, all taxes imposed on the seller, and any other expenses of the seller;

  (3) charges by the seller for any services necessary to complete the sale, other than delivery and installation charges;

  (4) delivery charges, except the percentage of the delivery charge allocated to delivery of tax exempt property, when the delivery charge is allocated by using either (i) a percentage based on the total sales price of the taxable property compared to the total sales price of all property in the shipment, or (ii) a percentage based on the total weight of the taxable property compared to the total weight of all property in the shipment; and

  (5) installation charges. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61

• seal: includes an impression thereof upon the paper alone, as well as an impression on a wafer, wax, or other substance thereto attached. See Minnesota Statutes 645.44
• seller: means any person making sales, leases, or rentals of personal property or services. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Semitaconite: means altered iron formation, altered taconite, ferruginous chert, or ferruginous slate which has been oxidized and partially leached and in which the iron oxide is so finely disseminated that substantially all of the iron-bearing particles of merchantable grade are smaller than 20 mesh and which is not merchantable as iron ore in its natural state, and which cannot be made merchantable by simple methods of beneficiation involving only crushing, screening, washing, jigging, heavy media separation, spirals, cyclones, drying, or any combination thereof. See Minnesota Statutes 298.001
• Sentencing guidelines: A set of rules and principles established by the United States Sentencing Commission that trial judges use to determine the sentence for a convicted defendant. ^{Source: U.S. Courts}
• Separate from active service: means that a firefighter permanently ceases to perform fire suppression duties with a particular volunteer fire department, permanently ceases to perform fire prevention duties, permanently ceases to supervise fire suppression duties, and permanently ceases to supervise fire prevention duties. See Minnesota Statutes 424A.001
• Service of process: The service of writs or summonses to the appropriate party.
• Settlement: Parties to a lawsuit resolve their difference without having a trial. Settlements often involve the payment of compensation by one party in satisfaction of the other party's claims.
• Small business: means a business entity organized for profit, including but not limited to any individual, partnership, corporation, joint venture, association or cooperative, which entity:

  (1) is not an affiliate or subsidiary of a business dominant in its field of operation; and

  (2) has 20 or fewer full-time employees; or

  (3) in the preceding fiscal year has not had more than the equivalent of $1,000,000 in annual gross revenues; or

  (4) if the business is a technical or professional service, shall not have had more than the equivalent of $2,500,000 in annual gross revenues in the preceding fiscal year. See Minnesota Statutes 645.445

• Soft drinks: means nonalcoholic beverages that contain natural or artificial sweeteners. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Special fund: means the special fund of a volunteer firefighters relief association or the account for volunteer firefighters within the special fund of a partially salaried and partially volunteer firefighters relief association. See Minnesota Statutes 424A.001
• Specified digital products: means digital audio works, digital audiovisual works, and digital books that are transferred electronically to a customer. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• state: means any state of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any territory of the United States, including American Samoa, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• state: extends to and includes the District of Columbia and the several territories. See Minnesota Statutes 645.44
• Statute: A law passed by a legislature.
• Statute of limitations: A law that sets the time within which parties must take action to enforce their rights.
• Storage: includes keeping or retaining tangible personal property in Minnesota for any purpose except sale in the regular course of business. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Subpoena: A command to a witness to appear and give testimony.
• Summons: Another word for subpoena used by the criminal justice system.
• Taconite: means ferruginous chert or ferruginous slate in the form of compact, siliceous rock, in which the iron oxide is so finely disseminated that substantially all of the iron-bearing particles of merchantable grade are smaller than 20 mesh and which is not merchantable as iron ore in its natural state, and which cannot be made merchantable by simple methods of beneficiation involving only crushing, screening, washing, jigging, drying, or any combination thereof. See Minnesota Statutes 298.001
• Tangible personal property: includes , but is not limited to, electricity, water, gas, steam, and prewritten computer software. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Tax: means any fee, charge, exaction, or assessment imposed by a governmental entity on an individual, person, entity, transaction, good, service, or other thing. See Minnesota Statutes 645.44
• Taxable food sold through vending machines: means taxable food under section 297A. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Taxpayer: means a person subject to, or liable for, a state tax; a person required to file a return with respect to, or to pay, or withhold or collect and remit, a state tax; or a person required to obtain a license or a permit or to keep records under a law imposing a state tax. See Minnesota Statutes 289A.02
• Telecommunications services: means the electronic transmission, conveyance, or routing of voice, data, audio, video, or any other information or signals to a point, or between or among points. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Temporary restraining order: Prohibits a person from an action that is likely to cause irreparable harm. This differs from an injunction in that it may be granted immediately, without notice to the opposing party, and without a hearing. It is intended to last only until a hearing can be held.
• Testator: A male person who leaves a will at death.
• Testify: Answer questions in court.
• Testimony: Evidence presented orally by witnesses during trials or before grand juries.
• Tort: A civil wrong or breach of a duty to another person, as outlined by law. A very common tort is negligent operation of a motor vehicle that results in property damage and personal injury in an automobile accident.
• Transcript: A written, word-for-word record of what was said, either in a proceeding such as a trial or during some other conversation, as in a transcript of a hearing or oral deposition.
• Transferred electronically: means obtained by the purchaser by means other than tangible storage media. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Trial: A hearing that takes place when the defendant pleads "not guilty" and witnesses are required to come to court to give evidence.
• Trustee: A person or institution holding and administering property in trust.
• Trustor: The person who makes or creates a trust. Also known as the grantor or settlor.
• Truth in Lending Act: The Truth in Lending Act is a federal law that requires lenders to provide standardized information so that borrowers can compare loan terms. In general, lenders must provide information on ^{Source: OCC}
• Uniform Commercial Code: A set of statutes enacted by the various states to provide consistency among the states' commercial laws. It includes negotiable instruments, sales, stock transfers, trust and warehouse receipts, and bills of lading. ^{Source: OCC}
• United States Code: means the United States Code as amended through December 31, 2000. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Use: includes the exercise of a right or power incident to the ownership of any interest in tangible personal property, or services, purchased from a retailer, other than the sale of that property in the regular course of business. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Variable Rate: Having a "variable" rate means that the APR changes from time to time based on fluctuations in an external rate, normally the Prime Rate. This external rate is known as the "index." If the index changes, the variable rate normally changes. Also see Fixed Rate.
• Venue: The geographical location in which a case is tried.
• Verdict: The decision of a petit jury or a judge.
• verified: when used in reference to writings, means supported by oath or affirmation. See Minnesota Statutes 645.45
• Vertical service: means an ancillary service that is offered in connection with one or more telecommunications services and which offers advanced calling features that allow customers to identify callers and to manage multiple calls and call connections, including conference bridging services. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Veto: The procedure established under the Constitution by which the President/Governor refuses to approve a bill or joint resolution and thus prevents its enactment into law. A regular veto occurs when the President/Governor returns the legislation to the house in which it originated. The President/Governor usually returns a vetoed bill with a message indicating his reasons for rejecting the measure. In Congress, the veto can be overridden only by a two-thirds vote in both the Senate and the House.
• Violate: includes failure to comply with. See Minnesota Statutes 645.44
• Voice mail service: means an ancillary service that enables the customer to store, send, or receive recorded messages. See Minnesota Statutes 297A.61
• Volunteer firefighter: means a person who is a member of the applicable fire department or the independent nonprofit firefighting corporation and is eligible for membership in the applicable relief association and:

  (i) is engaged in providing emergency response services or delivering fire education or prevention services as a member of a fire department;

  (ii) is trained in or is qualified to provide fire suppression duties or to provide fire prevention duties under subdivision 8; and

  (iii) meets any other minimum firefighter and service standards established by the fire department or specified in the articles of incorporation or bylaws of the relief association. See Minnesota Statutes 424A.001

• volunteer firefighters relief association: means a volunteer firefighters relief association or a volunteer firefighters division or account of a partially salaried and partially volunteer firefighters relief association that is:

  (1) organized and incorporated as a nonprofit corporation to provide retirement benefits to volunteer firefighters under chapter 317A and any laws of the state;

  (2) governed by this chapter and sections 424A. See Minnesota Statutes 424A.001

• Wetlands: means lands transitional between terrestrial and aquatic systems where the water table is usually at or near the surface or the land is covered by shallow water. See Minnesota Statutes 645.44
• Writ: A formal written command, issued from the court, requiring the performance of a specific act.
• Writ of certiorari: An order issued by the Supreme Court directing the lower court to transmit records for a case for which it will hear on appeal.