Terms Used In Ohio Code > Chapter 106 - Rulemaking

• Account: means either of the two accounts created under section 3956. See Ohio Code 3956.01
• Administration fees: includes commissions earned or paid by any person relative to services performed by an administrator. See Ohio Code 3959.01
• Administrator: includes a pharmacy benefit manager. See Ohio Code 3959.01
• Advice and consent: Under the Constitution, presidential nominations for executive and judicial posts take effect only when confirmed by the Senate, and international treaties become effective only when the Senate approves them by a two-thirds vote.
• Affidavit: A written statement of facts confirmed by the oath of the party making it, before a notary or officer having authority to administer oaths.
• Affiliate: means any person or entity that has ownership or control of a contracting entity, is owned or controlled by a contracting entity, or is under common ownership or control with a contracting entity. See Ohio Code 3963.01
• Affiliated company: means any company in the same corporate system as a parent, or a member organization by virtue of common ownership, control, operation, or management. See Ohio Code 3964.01
• Affirmed: In the practice of the appellate courts, the decree or order is declared valid and will stand as rendered in the lower court.
• Aggregate excess insurance: means that type of coverage whereby the insurer agrees to reimburse the insured employer or trust for all benefits or claims paid during an agreement period on behalf of all covered persons under the plan or trust which exceed a stated deductible amount and subject to a stated maximum. See Ohio Code 3959.01
• Amendment: A proposal to alter the text of a pending bill or other measure by striking out some of it, by inserting new language, or both. Before an amendment becomes part of the measure, thelegislature must agree to it.
• Annuity: A periodic (usually annual) payment of a fixed sum of money for either the life of the recipient or for a fixed number of years. A series of payments under a contract from an insurance company, a trust company, or an individual. Annuity payments are made at regular intervals over a period of more than one full year.
• Another: when used to designate the owner of property which is the subject of an offense, includes not only natural persons but also every other owner of property. See Ohio Code 1.02
• Answer: The formal written statement by a defendant responding to a civil complaint and setting forth the grounds for defense.
• anything of value: includes :

  (A) Money, bank bills or notes, United States treasury notes, and other bills, bonds, or notes issued by lawful authority and intended to pass and circulate as money;

  (B) Goods and chattels;

  (C) Promissory notes, bills of exchange, orders, drafts, warrants, checks, or bonds given for the payment of money;

  (D) Receipts given for the payment of money or other property;

  (E) Rights in action;

  (F) Things which savor of the realty and are, at the time they are taken, a part of the freehold, whether they are of the substance or produce thereof or affixed thereto, although there may be no interval between the severing and taking away;

  (G) Any interest in realty, including fee simple and partial interests, present and future, contingent or vested interests, beneficial interests, leasehold interests, and any other interest in realty;

  (H) Any promise of future employment;

  (I) Every other thing of value. See Ohio Code 1.03

• Appeal: A request made after a trial, asking another court (usually the court of appeals) to decide whether the trial was conducted properly. To make such a request is "to appeal" or "to take an appeal." One who appeals is called the appellant.
• Appropriation: The provision of funds, through an annual appropriations act or a permanent law, for federal agencies to make payments out of the Treasury for specified purposes. The formal federal spending process consists of two sequential steps: authorization
• Approved attorney: means an attorney at law who is not an employee of a title insurance company or a title insurance agent and upon whose examination of title and report on the examination a title insurance company may issue a policy of title insurance. See Ohio Code 3953.01
• Assets: (1) The property comprising the estate of a deceased person, or (2) the property in a trust account.
• Attachment: A procedure by which a person's property is seized to pay judgments levied by the court.
• Bankruptcy: Refers to statutes and judicial proceedings involving persons or businesses that cannot pay their debts and seek the assistance of the court in getting a fresh start. Under the protection of the bankruptcy court, debtors may discharge their debts, perhaps by paying a portion of each debt. Bankruptcy judges preside over these proceedings.
• Beneficiary: A person who is entitled to receive the benefits or proceeds of a will, trust, insurance policy, retirement plan, annuity, or other contract. ^{Source: OCC}
• Bond: includes an undertaking. See Ohio Code 1.02
• Business day: means any day, other than a Saturday or Sunday, or a legal holiday, on which a bank, savings and loan association, credit union, or savings bank is open to the public for carrying on substantially all of its functions. See Ohio Code 3953.01
• business of title insurance: means the following:

  (1) The making as insurer, guarantor, or surety, or proposing to make as insurer, guarantor, or surety, any contract or policy of title insurance;

  (2) The transacting, or proposing to transact, any phase of title insurance, including solicitation, negotiation preliminary to execution, execution of a contract of title insurance, insuring, and transacting matters subsequent to the execution of the contract and arising out of it, including reinsurance;

  (3) The doing or proposing to do any business in substance equivalent to any of the foregoing. See Ohio Code 3953.01

• Captive insurance company: includes any protected cell captive insurance company formed or licensed under the provisions of this chapter. See Ohio Code 3964.01
• Child: includes child by adoption. See Ohio Code 1.59
• Common law: The legal system that originated in England and is now in use in the United States. It is based on judicial decisions rather than legislative action.
• Complaint: A written statement by the plaintiff stating the wrongs allegedly committed by the defendant.
• Concurrent resolution: A legislative measure, designated "S. Con. Res." and numbered consecutively upon introduction, generally employed to address the sentiments of both chambers, to deal with issues or matters affecting both houses, such as a concurrent budget resolution, or to create a temporary joint committee. Concurrent resolutions are not submitted to the President/Governor and thus do not have the force of law.
• Consumer: includes an applicant, policyholder, insured, beneficiary, claimant, and certificate holder. See Ohio Code 3965.01
• Continuance: Putting off of a hearing ot trial until a later time.
• Contract: A legal written agreement that becomes binding when signed.
• Contracting entity: means any person that has a primary business purpose of contracting with participating providers for the delivery of health care services. See Ohio Code 3963.01
• Contractual obligation: means any obligation under a policy, contract, or certificate under a group policy or contract, or portion of the policy or contract, for which coverage is provided under section 3956. See Ohio Code 3956.01
• Contributions: means any amount collected from a covered person to fund the self-insured portion of any plan in accordance with the plan's provisions, summary plan descriptions, and contracts of insurance. See Ohio Code 3959.01
• Conviction: A judgement of guilt against a criminal defendant.
• Corporation: A legal entity owned by the holders of shares of stock that have been issued, and that can own, receive, and transfer property, and carry on business in its own name.
• Covered policy or contract: means any policy, contract, or group certificate within the scope of section 3956. See Ohio Code 3956.01
• Covered vision services: means vision care services or vision care materials for which a reimbursement is available under an enrollee's health care contract, or for which a reimbursement would be available but for the application of contractual limitations such as a deductible, copayment, coinsurance, waiting period, annual or lifetime maximum, frequency limitation, alternative benefit payment, or any other limitation. See Ohio Code 3963.01
• Credentialing: means the process of assessing and validating the qualifications of a provider applying to be approved by a contracting entity to provide basic health care services, specialty health care services, or supplemental health care services to enrollees. See Ohio Code 3963.01
• Cybersecurity event: means an event resulting in unauthorized access to, disruption of, or misuse of an information system or nonpublic information stored on an information system that has a reasonable likelihood of materially harming any consumer residing in this state or any material part of the normal operations of the licensee. See Ohio Code 3965.01
• Damages: Money paid by defendants to successful plaintiffs in civil cases to compensate the plaintiffs for their injuries.
• Deed: The legal instrument used to transfer title in real property from one person to another.
• Department: means the department of insurance. See Ohio Code 3964.01
• Discovery: Lawyers' examination, before trial, of facts and documents in possession of the opponents to help the lawyers prepare for trial.
• Drug product reimbursement: means the amount paid by a pharmacy benefit manager to a contracted pharmacy for the cost of the drug dispensed to a patient and does not include a dispensing or professional fee. See Ohio Code 3959.01
• Edit: means adjusting one or more procedure codes billed by a participating provider on a claim for payment or a practice that results in any of the following:

  (1) Payment for some, but not all of the procedure codes originally billed by a participating provider;

  (2) Payment for a different procedure code than the procedure code originally billed by a participating provider;

  (3) A reduced payment as a result of services provided to an enrollee that are claimed under more than one procedure code on the same service date. See Ohio Code 3963.01

• Electronic claims transport: means to accept and digitize claims or to accept claims already digitized, to place those claims into a format that complies with the electronic transaction standards issued by the United States department of health and human services pursuant to the "Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996" 110 Stat. See Ohio Code 3963.01
• Embezzlement: In most states, embezzlement is defined as theft/larceny of assets (money or property) by a person in a position of trust or responsibility over those assets. Embezzlement typically occurs in the employment and corporate settings. ^{Source: OCC}
• Encrypted: means the transformation of data into a form that results in a low probability of assigning meaning without the use of a protective process or key. See Ohio Code 3965.01
• Enrollee: means any person eligible for health care benefits under a health benefit plan, including an eligible recipient of medicaid, and includes all of the following terms:

  (1) "Enrollee" and "subscriber" as defined by section 1751. See Ohio Code 3963.01

• Equitable: Pertaining to civil suits in "equity" rather than in "law." In English legal history, the courts of "law" could order the payment of damages and could afford no other remedy. See damages. A separate court of "equity" could order someone to do something or to cease to do something. See, e.g., injunction. In American jurisprudence, the federal courts have both legal and equitable power, but the distinction is still an important one. For example, a trial by jury is normally available in "law" cases but not in "equity" cases. ^{Source: U.S. Courts}
• Escrow: Money given to a third party to be held for payment until certain conditions are met.
• Evidence: Information presented in testimony or in documents that is used to persuade the fact finder (judge or jury) to decide the case for one side or the other.
• Ex officio: Literally, by virtue of one's office.
• Fair market value: The price at which an asset would change hands in a transaction between a willing, informed buyer and a willing, informed seller.
• Family: means an individual's spouse, child, stepchild, foster child, parent, stepparent, foster parent, grandparent, grandchild, sibling, half sibling, stepsibling, parent-in-law, brother-in-law, or sister-in-law. See Ohio Code 3965.01
• Fiduciary: A trustee, executor, or administrator.
• Fiscal year: The fiscal year is the accounting period for the government. For the federal government, this begins on October 1 and ends on September 30. The fiscal year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends; for example, fiscal year 2006 begins on October 1, 2005 and ends on September 30, 2006.
• Fiscal year: means the twelve-month accounting period commencing on the date the plan is established and ending twelve months following that date, and each corresponding twelve-month accounting period thereafter as provided for in the summary plan description. See Ohio Code 3959.01
• Foreign title insurance company: means a title insurance company organized under the laws of any state or territory of the United States or the District of Columbia. See Ohio Code 3953.01
• Fraud: Intentional deception resulting in injury to another.
• Germane: On the subject of the pending bill or other business; a strict standard of relevance.
• Guarantor: A party who agrees to be responsible for the payment of another party's debts should that party default. ^{Source: OCC}
• Health benefit plan: means any hospital or medical expense policy or certificate, or health insuring corporation subscriber policy, contract, certificate, or agreement, or any other similar health or sickness and accident insurance policy or contract. See Ohio Code 3956.01
• Health care contract: means a contract entered into, materially amended, or renewed between a contracting entity and a participating provider for the delivery of basic health care services, specialty health care services, or supplemental health care services to enrollees. See Ohio Code 3963.01
• Health care services: means basic health care services, specialty health care services, and supplemental health care services. See Ohio Code 3963.01
• HIPAA: means the "Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996" Pub. See Ohio Code 3965.01
• Impaired insurer: means a member insurer that, after November 20, 1989, is not an insolvent insurer and is placed under an order of rehabilitation or conservation by a court of competent jurisdiction. See Ohio Code 3956.01
• in writing: includes any representation of words, letters, symbols, or figures; this provision does not affect any law relating to signatures. See Ohio Code 1.59
• Indemnification: In general, a collateral contract or assurance under which one person agrees to secure another person against either anticipated financial losses or potential adverse legal consequences. ^{Source: FDIC}
• Information security program: means the administrative, technical, and physical safeguards that a licensee uses to access, collect, distribute, process, protect, store, use, transmit, dispose of, or otherwise handle nonpublic information. See Ohio Code 3965.01
• Information system: means a discrete set of electronic information resources organized for the collection, processing, maintenance, use, sharing, dissemination, or disposition of electronic nonpublic information, as well as any specialized system such as industrial and process controls systems, telephone switching and private branch exchange systems, and environmental control systems. See Ohio Code 3965.01
• Injunction: An order of the court prohibiting (or compelling) the performance of a specific act to prevent irreparable damage or injury.
• Insolvent insurer: means a member insurer that, after November 20, 1989, is placed under an order of liquidation by a court of competent jurisdiction with a finding of insolvency. See Ohio Code 3956.01
• Insurer: means an entity authorized to do the business of insurance in this state or, for the purposes of this section, a health insuring corporation authorized to issue health care plans in this state. See Ohio Code 3959.01
• Interest rate: The amount paid by a borrower to a lender in exchange for the use of the lender's money for a certain period of time. Interest is paid on loans or on debt instruments, such as notes or bonds, either at regular intervals or as part of a lump sum payment when the issue matures. ^{Source: OCC}
• Internet: means the international computer network of both federal and nonfederal interoperable packet switched data networks, including the graphical subnetwork known as the world wide web. See Ohio Code 1.59
• Joint committee: Committees including membership from both houses of teh legislature. Joint committees are usually established with narrow jurisdictions and normally lack authority to report legislation.
• Joint venture: means an arrangement undertaken jointly by two or more parties in regard to ownership of a business entity title insurance agent. See Ohio Code 3953.01
• Jurisdiction: (1) The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case. Concurrent jurisdiction exists when two courts have simultaneous responsibility for the same case. (2) The geographic area over which the court has authority to decide cases.
• Lease: A contract transferring the use of property or occupancy of land, space, structures, or equipment in consideration of a payment (e.g., rent). ^{Source: OCC}
• Legislative session: That part of a chamber's daily session in which it considers legislative business (bills, resolutions, and actions related thereto).
• Liabilities: The aggregate of all debts and other legal obligations of a particular person or legal entity.
• Licensee: includes an insurer. See Ohio Code 3965.01
• Lien: A claim against real or personal property in satisfaction of a debt.
• Managed care organization: means an entity that provides medical management and cost containment services and includes a medicaid managed care organization, as defined in section 5167. See Ohio Code 3959.01
• Material amendment: means an amendment to a health care contract that decreases the participating provider's payment or compensation, changes the administrative procedures in a way that may reasonably be expected to significantly increase the provider's administrative expenses, or adds a new product. See Ohio Code 3963.01
• Maximum allowable cost: means a maximum drug product reimbursement for an individual drug or for a group of therapeutically and pharmaceutically equivalent multiple source drugs that are listed in the United States food and drug administration's approved drug products with therapeutic equivalence evaluations, commonly referred to as the orange book. See Ohio Code 3959.01
• Maximum allowable cost list: means a list of the drugs for which a pharmacy benefit manager imposes a maximum allowable cost. See Ohio Code 3959.01
• Member insurer: includes any insurer or health insuring corporation that operates any of the entities described in division (I)(2) of this section as a line of business, and not as a separate, affiliated legal entity, and otherwise qualifies as a member insurer. See Ohio Code 3956.01
• Mortgage: The written agreement pledging property to a creditor as collateral for a loan.
• Mortgage loan: A loan made by a lender to a borrower for the financing of real property. ^{Source: OCC}
• Mortgagee: The person to whom property is mortgaged and who has loaned the money.
• Mortgagor: The person who pledges property to a creditor as collateral for a loan and who receives the money.
• Multifactor authentication: means authentication through verification of at least two of the following types of authentication factors:

  (1) Knowledge factors, such as a password;

  (2) Possession factors, such as a token or text message on a mobile phone;

  (3) Inherence factors, such as a biometric characteristic. See Ohio Code 3965.01

• Non-directed escrow funds: means any funds delivered to a title insurance agent or title insurance company with instructions to hold or disburse the funds pursuant to a transaction in which a title insurance policy will be issued, but without written instructions to either deposit the funds in an account for the benefit of a specific person or to pay the interest earned on the funds to a specific person. See Ohio Code 3953.01
• Nonpublic information: means information that is not publicly available information and is one of the following:

  (1) Business-related information of a licensee the tampering with, unauthorized disclosure of, access to, or use of which, would cause a material adverse impact to the business, operation, or security of the licensee;

  (2) Information concerning a consumer that because of the name, number, personal mark, or other identifier contained in the information can be used to identify that consumer in combination with any one or more of the following data elements:

  (a) Social security number;

  (b) Driver's license, commercial driver's license, or state identification card number;

  (c) Account, credit card, or debit card number;

  (d) Any security code, access code, or password that would permit access to the consumer's financial account;

  (e) Biometric records. See Ohio Code 3965.01

• Obligation: An order placed, contract awarded, service received, or similar transaction during a given period that will require payments during the same or a future period.
• Oversight: Committee review of the activities of a Federal agency or program.
• Parent: means a corporation, limited liability company, partnership, other entity, or individual that directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds, with power to vote, more than fifty per cent of either of the following:

  (1) Securities of a captive insurance company, organized as a stock corporation;

  (2) Membership interests of a captive insurance company organized as a nonprofit corporation or a limited liability company. See Ohio Code 3964.01

• Participating provider: means a provider that has a health care contract with a contracting entity and is entitled to reimbursement for health care services rendered to an enrollee under the health care contract. See Ohio Code 3963.01
• Partnership: A voluntary contract between two or more persons to pool some or all of their assets into a business, with the agreement that there will be a proportional sharing of profits and losses.
• Payer: means any person that assumes the financial risk for the payment of claims under a health care contract or the reimbursement for health care services provided to enrollees by participating providers pursuant to a health care contract. See Ohio Code 3963.01
• Person: includes an individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, and association. See Ohio Code 1.59
• Personal property: All property that is not real property.
• pharmacy: means a pharmacy located in this state participating in either the network of a pharmacy benefit manager or in a health care or pharmacy benefit plan through a direct contract or through a contract with a pharmacy services administration organization, group purchasing organization, or another contracting agent. See Ohio Code 3959.01
• Pharmacy benefit manager: includes the state pharmacy benefit manager selected under section 5167. See Ohio Code 3959.01
• Physician assistant: means an individual who is licensed under Chapter 4730 of the Revised Code to provide services as a physician assistant to patients under the supervision, control, and direction of one or more physicians. See Ohio Code 1.64
• Plaintiff: The person who files the complaint in a civil lawsuit.
• Plan: means any arrangement in written form for the payment of life, dental, health, or disability benefits to covered persons defined by the summary plan description and includes a drug benefit plan administered by a pharmacy benefit manager. See Ohio Code 3959.01
• Plan sponsor: means the person who establishes the plan. See Ohio Code 3959.01
• Precedent: A court decision in an earlier case with facts and law similar to a dispute currently before a court. Precedent will ordinarily govern the decision of a later similar case, unless a party can show that it was wrongly decided or that it differed in some significant way.
• Premiums: means amounts received on covered policies or contracts, less premiums, considerations, and deposits returned on the policies or contracts, and less dividends and experience credits on the policies and contracts. See Ohio Code 3956.01
• Procedure codes: includes the American medical association's current procedural terminology code, the American dental association's current dental terminology, and the centers for medicare and medicaid services health care common procedure coding system. See Ohio Code 3963.01
• Product: means one of the following types of categories of coverage for which a participating provider may be obligated to provide health care services pursuant to a health care contract:

  (1) A health maintenance organization or other product provided by a health insuring corporation;

  (2) A preferred provider organization;

  (3) Medicare;

  (4) Medicaid;

  (5) Workers' compensation. See Ohio Code 3963.01

• Property: means real and personal property. See Ohio Code 1.59
• Protected cell captive insurance company: means a captive insurance company organized pursuant to sections 3964. See Ohio Code 3964.01
• Provider: means a physician, podiatrist, pharmacist, dentist, chiropractor, optometrist, psychologist, physician assistant, advanced practice registered nurse, occupational therapist, massage therapist, physical therapist, licensed professional counselor, licensed professional clinical counselor, hearing aid dealer, orthotist, prosthetist, home health agency, hospice care program, pediatric respite care program, or hospital, or a provider organization or physician-hospital organization that is acting exclusively as an administrator on behalf of a provider to facilitate the provider's participation in health care contracts. See Ohio Code 3963.01
• Publicly available information: means any information that a licensee has a reasonable basis to believe is lawfully made available to the general public from federal, state, or local government records; widely distributed media; or disclosures to the general public that are required to be made by federal, state, or local law. See Ohio Code 3965.01
• Qualified actuary: means an individual who is both of the following:

  (1) A member of the American academy of actuaries;

  (2) Qualified to provide such certifications as described in the United States qualifications standards promulgated by the American academy of actuaries pursuant to the code of professional conduct adopted by the American academy of actuaries, the society of actuaries, the American society of pension professionals and actuaries, the casualty actuarial society, and the conference of consulting actuaries. See Ohio Code 3964.01

• Real property: Land, and all immovable fixtures erected on, growing on, or affixed to the land.
• Recourse: An arrangement in which a bank retains, in form or in substance, any credit risk directly or indirectly associated with an asset it has sold (in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles) that exceeds a pro rata share of the bank's claim on the asset. If a bank has no claim on an asset it has sold, then the retention of any credit risk is recourse. ^{Source: FDIC}
• Remainder: An interest in property that takes effect in the future at a specified time or after the occurrence of some event, such as the death of a life tenant.
• Rescission: The cancellation of budget authority previously provided by Congress. The Impoundment Control Act of 1974 specifies that the President may propose to Congress that funds be rescinded. If both Houses have not approved a rescission proposal (by passing legislation) within 45 days of continuous session, any funds being withheld must be made available for obligation.
• Resident: means any person who resides in this state at the time a member insurer is determined to be an impaired or insolvent insurer and to whom a contractual obligation is owed. See Ohio Code 3956.01
• Restitution: The court-ordered payment of money by the defendant to the victim for damages caused by the criminal action.
• Risk assessment: means the risk assessment that each licensee is required to conduct under division (C) of section 3965. See Ohio Code 3965.01
• Rule: includes regulation. See Ohio Code 1.59
• Service of process: The service of writs or summonses to the appropriate party.
• Settlement: Parties to a lawsuit resolve their difference without having a trial. Settlements often involve the payment of compensation by one party in satisfaction of the other party's claims.
• Specific excess insurance: means that type of coverage whereby the insurer agrees to reimburse the insured employer or trust for all benefits or claims paid during an agreement period on behalf of a covered person in excess of a stated deductible amount and subject to a stated maximum. See Ohio Code 3959.01
• state: means the state of Ohio. See Ohio Code 1.59
• Statute: A law passed by a legislature.
• Structured settlement annuity: means an annuity purchased in order to fund periodic payments for a plaintiff or other claimant in payment for or with respect to personal injury suffered by the plaintiff or other claimant. See Ohio Code 3956.01
• Subaccount: means any of the three subaccounts created under division (A) of section 3956. See Ohio Code 3956.01
• Subpoena: A command to a witness to appear and give testimony.
• Subpoena duces tecum: A command to a witness to produce documents.
• Summary plan description: means the written document adopted by the plan sponsor which outlines the plan of benefits, conditions, limitations, exclusions, and other pertinent details relative to the benefits provided to covered persons thereunder. See Ohio Code 3959.01
• Superintendent: means the superintendent of the department of insurance. See Ohio Code 3964.01
• Testify: Answer questions in court.
• Testimony: Evidence presented orally by witnesses during trials or before grand juries.
• Third-party service provider: means a person other than a licensee that:

  (1) Contracts with a licensee to maintain, process, or store nonpublic information through its provision of services to the licensee;

  (2) Otherwise is permitted access to nonpublic information through its provision of services to the licensee. See Ohio Code 3965.01

• Title insurance: means insuring, guaranteeing, or indemnifying owners of real property or others interested in real property against loss or damage suffered by reason of liens or encumbrances upon, defect in, or the unmarketability of the title to the real property, guaranteeing, warranting, or otherwise insuring by a title insurance company the correctness of searches relating to the title to real property, or doing any business in substance equivalent to any of the foregoing. See Ohio Code 3953.01
• Title insurance agent: means a person, partnership, or corporation authorized in writing by a title insurance company to solicit insurance and collect premiums and to issue or countersign policies on its behalf. See Ohio Code 3953.01
• Title insurance company: means any of the following:

  (1) Any domestic title guaranty company and domestic title guarantee and trust company to the extent that they are engaged in the business of title insurance;

  (2) Any domestic company organized under this chapter for the purpose of insuring titles to real property;

  (3) Any title insurance company organized under the laws of another state or foreign government;

  (4) Any domestic or foreign company that has the powers and is authorized to insure titles to real estate within this state on December 12, 1967, and that meets the requirements of this chapter. See Ohio Code 3953.01

• Tort: A civil wrong or breach of a duty to another person, as outlined by law. A very common tort is negligent operation of a motor vehicle that results in property damage and personal injury in an automobile accident.
• Trust account: A general term that covers all types of accounts in a trust department, such as estates, guardianships, and agencies. ^{Source: OCC}
• Trustee: A person or institution holding and administering property in trust.
• Unallocated annuity contract: means any annuity contract or group annuity certificate that is not issued to and owned by an individual, except to the extent of any annuity benefits guaranteed to an individual by an insurer under that contract or certificate. See Ohio Code 3956.01
• United States: includes all the states. See Ohio Code 1.59
• Venue: The geographical location in which a case is tried.
• Verdict: The decision of a petit jury or a judge.
• Vision care materials: includes lenses, devices containing lenses, prisms, lens treatments and coatings, contact lenses, orthopics, vision training, and any prosthetic device necessary to correct, relieve, or treat any defect or abnormal condition of the human eye or its adnexa. See Ohio Code 3963.01
• Vision care provider: means either of the following:

  (1) An optometrist licensed under Chapter 4725 of the Revised Code;

  (2) A physician authorized under Chapter 4731 of the Revised Code to practice medicine and surgery or osteopathic medicine and surgery. See Ohio Code 3963.01

• Whoever: includes all persons, natural and artificial; partners; principals, agents, and employees; and all officials, public or private. See Ohio Code 1.02