(a)  The misclassification of a worker whether performing work as a natural person, business, corporation, or entity of any kind, as an independent contractor when the worker should be considered and paid as an employee shall be considered a violation of this chapter.

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Terms Used In Rhode Island General Laws 28-14-19.1

  • Answer: The formal written statement by a defendant responding to a civil complaint and setting forth the grounds for defense.
  • Appeal: A request made after a trial, asking another court (usually the court of appeals) to decide whether the trial was conducted properly. To make such a request is "to appeal" or "to take an appeal." One who appeals is called the appellant.
  • Complaint: A written statement by the plaintiff stating the wrongs allegedly committed by the defendant.
  • Construction industry: means the business of constructing, reconstructing, altering, maintaining, moving, rehabilitating, repairing, renovating, or demolition of any building, structure, or improvement to the excavation of or other development or improvement to land, highways, or other real property. See Rhode Island General Laws 28-14-1
  • Conviction: A judgement of guilt against a criminal defendant.
  • Corporation: A legal entity owned by the holders of shares of stock that have been issued, and that can own, receive, and transfer property, and carry on business in its own name.
  • Department: means the department of labor and training. See Rhode Island General Laws 28-14-1
  • Director: means the director of the department of labor and training or his or her duly authorized representative. See Rhode Island General Laws 28-14-1
  • Employee: means any person suffered or permitted to work by an employer, except that independent contractors or subcontractors shall not be considered employees. See Rhode Island General Laws 28-14-1
  • Employer: means any individual, firm, partnership, association, joint stock company, trust, corporation, receiver, or other like officer appointed by a court of this state, and any agent or officer of any of the previously mentioned classes, employing any person in this state. See Rhode Island General Laws 28-14-1
  • in writing: include printing, engraving, lithographing, and photo-lithographing, and all other representations of words in letters of the usual form. See Rhode Island General Laws 43-3-16
  • Independent contractor: means a person who has filed a notice of designation as independent contractor with the director pursuant to Rhode Island General Laws 28-29-2
  • Jurisdiction: (1) The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case. Concurrent jurisdiction exists when two courts have simultaneous responsibility for the same case. (2) The geographic area over which the court has authority to decide cases.
  • person: may be construed to extend to and include co-partnerships and bodies corporate and politic. See Rhode Island General Laws 43-3-6
  • Plea: In a criminal case, the defendant's statement pleading "guilty" or "not guilty" in answer to the charges, a declaration made in open court.
  • Plea agreement: An arrangement between the prosecutor, the defense attorney, and the defendant in which the defendant agrees to plead guilty in exchange for special considerations. Source:
  • Probable cause: A reasonable ground for belief that the offender violated a specific law.
  • Prosecute: To charge someone with a crime. A prosecutor tries a criminal case on behalf of the government.
  • Trial: A hearing that takes place when the defendant pleads "not guilty" and witnesses are required to come to court to give evidence.

(b)  In addition to any other relief to which any department or an aggrieved party may be entitled for such a violation, the employer shall be liable for a civil penalty in an amount not less than one thousand five hundred dollars ($1,500) and not greater than three thousand dollars ($3,000) for each misclassified employee for a first offense and up to five thousand dollars ($5,000) for each misclassified employee for any subsequent offense, which shall be shared equally between the department and the aggrieved party.

(c)  In determining the amount of any penalty imposed under this section, the director, or his or her designee, shall consider the size of the employer’s business; the good faith of the employer; the gravity of the violation; the history of previous violations; and whether or not the violation was an innocent mistake or willful.

(d)  A violation of this section may be adjudicated under § 28-14-19 and consolidated with any labor standards violation or under § 37-13-14.1 and § 37-13-15 and consolidated with any prevailing wage violation.

(e)  A violation of this section may be brought or adjudicated by any division of the department of labor and training.

(f)  The department shall notify the contractors’ registration board and the tax administrator of any violation of this section.

History of Section.
P.L. 2012, ch. 306, § 4; P.L. 2012, ch. 344, § 4; P.L. 2017, ch. 302, art. 13, § 7.

§ 28-14-19.1. Misclassification of employees. [Effective January 1, 2024.]

(a)  The misclassification of a worker whether performing work as a natural person, business, corporation, or entity of any kind, as an independent contractor when the worker should be considered and paid as an employee shall be considered a violation of this chapter.

(b)  Upon receipt by the department of a complaint alleging misclassification of a worker pursuant to this section, the department shall undertake an investigation using the factors consistent with federal regulations found in the Fair Labor Standards Act, 29 U.S.C. § 201 et seq.

(1)  The department shall assign an investigatory team within the department to investigate and screen all complaints for general analysis and validity.

(2)  As part of their investigation, the department’s investigatory team may conduct field audits of businesses to ascertain validity of complaints. In conducting these audits, the department’s investigatory team may investigate exclusively or with the assistance of the task force as established pursuant to chapter 156 of Title 42.

(3)(i)  The investigatory team shall make a determination as to whether it finds the complaint to be just and valid, or not, and shall report those findings to the director or the director’s designee. In instances where the department’s investigatory team deems a complaint is just and valid, and so reports, the alleged civil violation shall be adjudicated pursuant to the provisions of § 28-14-19 and this section.

(ii)  In addition, in the event the investigatory team determines that an employer has misclassified an employee, the investigatory team shall report the matter to the director or designee with a recommendation that the matter be referred to the department of the attorney general for criminal prosecution. The investigatory team may include any specific, documented extenuating circumstances that the investigatory team believes would mitigate against a criminal prosecution. The director or designee shall review the investigatory team’s findings and consider its recommendations. The director or designee shall forward the matter to the department of the attorney general along with the director’s or designee’s recommendations as to whether to prosecute the matter criminally or not, along with any specific, documented extenuating circumstances that the director or designee believes would mitigate against a criminal prosecution.

(iii)(A)  If the director or designee receives information indicating that any person has violated this chapter, the director or designee may investigate the matter and issue an order to show cause why the person should not be found in violation of this chapter.

(B)  A person served with an order to show cause shall have a period of twenty (20) days from the date the order is served to file an answer in writing.

(C)  If the person fails to file a timely and adequate answer to the order to show cause, the director or designee may, following notice and hearing, do any of the following:

(I)  Petition a court of competent jurisdiction to issue a stop-work order as provided in this section; or

(II)  Immediately assess penalties as provided for in this section.

(D)  If, subsequent to issuing an order to show cause under this section, the director or designee finds probable cause that an employer has committed a criminal violation of this chapter, the director or designee shall refer the matter to the department of the attorney general for investigation or impose administrative penalties provided for under this section.

(E)  A party that does not meet the definition of an “employer” in § 28-14-1, but which party intentionally contracts with an employer knowing the employer intends to misclassify employees in violation of this chapter, shall be subject to the same penalties, remedies, or other actions as the employer found to be in violation of this chapter.

(iv)  Provided, the decision whether to prosecute a violation of this section as a criminal matter shall be made by the attorney general. In making this decision, the attorney general shall review and consider all recommendations and materials forwarded by the director or designee pursuant to this section.

(c)  In determining the amount of any penalty imposed under this section, the director, or the director’s designee, shall consider the size of the employer’s business; the good faith of the employer; the gravity of the violation; the history of previous violations; and whether or not the violation was an innocent mistake or willful.

(d)  A civil violation of this section may be adjudicated under § 28-14-19 and consolidated with any labor standards violation or under § 37-13-14.1 and § 37-13-15 and consolidated with any prevailing wage violation.

(e)  A violation of this section may be brought or adjudicated by any division of the department of labor and training.

(f)  The department shall notify the contractors’ registration board and the tax administrator of any violation of this section.

(g)  In addition to any other relief to which the department or an aggrieved party may be entitled for such a violation, the employer shall be liable for a civil penalty in an amount not less than one thousand five hundred dollars ($1,500) and not greater than three thousand dollars ($3,000) for each misclassified employee for a first offense and up to five thousand dollars ($5,000) for each misclassified employee for any subsequent offense, which shall be shared equally between the department and the aggrieved party.

(h)  As it relates to the construction industry, all provisions of § 28-14-19.1 shall apply.

(i)  Any employer who knowingly and willfully violates this section regarding misclassification of an employee in the construction industry shall be subject to the following penalties:

(1)  Where the value does not exceed one thousand five hundred dollars ($1,500), upon a plea or a conviction, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and be subject to imprisonment for a term not exceeding one year, or a fine of up to one thousand dollars ($1,000), or both;

(2)  Any employer who knowingly and willfully violates this section after having been previously adjudicated for a violation either by plea or conviction of this section and where the value exceeds one thousand five hundred dollars ($1,500) shall be guilty of a felony and sentenced to a term of imprisonment not to exceed three (3) years, or a fine of not more than five thousand dollars ($5,000) or both.

(j)(1)  The director of the department of labor and training shall, on or before December 31, 2024, and annually thereafter on or before December 31, file a report (the “report”) with the governor, the speaker of the house, and the president of the senate. This report shall provide information on the status, progress, and recommendations, if any, as well as the information and data set forth in subsection (j)(2) of this section, regarding the legislative initiatives set forth in this chapter.

(2)  The data included in the report required by this subsection (j) shall include, but not be limited to, the following for the time period covered by the report:

(i)  Number of complaints filed with the department for wage theft and misclassification of employees (“complaints”);

(ii)  Number of complaints found by the department to be actionable;

(iii)  Number of complaints referred by the department to the department of the attorney general;

(iv)  Number of complaints that are handled administratively or civilly by the department of labor and training, both the aggregate number and also disaggregated by the resolution or outcome of those complaints, including those settled, dismissed for finding no violation, adjudicated, and, if appealed, the results of those appeals, as well as the number of pending matters; and

(v)  Of the complaints referred to the department of the attorney general, a disaggregation of the complaints by resolution or outcome of those complaints, including those settled, dismissed for finding no violation, adjudicated, and, if appealed, the results of those appeals, as well as the number of pending matters. The department of the attorney general shall assist the department of labor and training in obtaining this data.

(k)  The attorney general shall, on or before December 31, 2024, and annually thereafter on or before December 31, file a report (the “attorney general report”) with the governor, the speaker of the house, and the president of the senate. The data included in the attorney general report required by this subsection (k) shall include, but not be limited to, the following for the time period covered by the attorney general report:

(1)  The number of complaints referred to the attorney general for wage theft and misclassification of employees (“wage theft complaints”);

(2)  The number of civil and criminal wage theft complaints filed by the attorney general for and arising out of wage theft and misclassification of employees;

(3)  A disaggregation of the wage theft complaints by resolution or outcome of those wage theft complaints, including those handled by plea agreement, by conviction, by a finding of not guilty, or other disposition;

(4)  The number of such cases that are appealed, and the results of those appeals that have reached disposition;

(5)  The number of cases pending both before the trial court and on appeal; and

(6)  Such other information, findings, and recommendations as the attorney general determines to be appropriate to address the legislative initiatives set forth in this chapter.

History of Section.
P.L. 2012, ch. 306, § 4; P.L. 2012, ch. 344, § 4; P.L. 2017, ch. 302, art. 13, § 7; P.L. 2023, ch. 244, § 1, effective January 1, 2024; P.L. 2023, ch. 245, § 1, effective January 1, 2024.