Terms Used In Vermont Statutes > Title 10 > Chapter 201 > Subchapter 3 - Enforcement

• Accepted silvicultural practices: means the accepted silvicultural practices defined by the Commissioner of Forests, Parks and Recreation, including the Acceptable Management Practices for Maintaining Water Quality on Logging Jobs in Vermont adopted by the Commissioner of Forests, Parks and Recreation. See
• Adjacent: means those lands and waters directly abutting a site on the register, including lands and waters separated from the site by highways or bodies of water where such separated lands and waters are an integral part of the site's ecosystem. See
• Affidavit: A written statement of facts confirmed by the oath of the party making it, before a notary or officer having authority to administer oaths.
• Agency: means the Agency of Natural Resources. See
• Agency: means the Agency of Natural Resources. See
• Agency issuing the order: means the Secretary when the Secretary has issued an administrative or emergency administrative order under this chapter and the Board when the Board has issued such an order. See
• Amendment: A proposal to alter the text of a pending bill or other measure by striking out some of it, by inserting new language, or both. Before an amendment becomes part of the measure, thelegislature must agree to it.
• Annual meeting: when applied to towns shall mean the annual town meeting in March or an adjournment thereof. See
• Answer: The formal written statement by a defendant responding to a civil complaint and setting forth the grounds for defense.
• Appeal: A request made after a trial, asking another court (usually the court of appeals) to decide whether the trial was conducted properly. To make such a request is "to appeal" or "to take an appeal." One who appeals is called the appellant.
• articles: include amended and restated articles of incorporation and articles of merger. See
• Articles of incorporation: include amended and restated articles of incorporation, articles of merger, and special charters. See
• Assets: (1) The property comprising the estate of a deceased person, or (2) the property in a trust account.
• Attorney-in-fact: A person who, acting as an agent, is given written authorization by another person to transact business for him (her) out of court.
• Authority: means the Vermont Low-Level Radioactive Waste Authority. See
• Bankruptcy: Refers to statutes and judicial proceedings involving persons or businesses that cannot pay their debts and seek the assistance of the court in getting a fresh start. Under the protection of the bankruptcy court, debtors may discharge their debts, perhaps by paying a portion of each debt. Bankruptcy judges preside over these proceedings.
• Bequest: Property gifted by will.
• Board: means the Natural Resources Board defined by subdivision 6001(1) of this title. See
• board of directors: means the board of directors except that no person or group of persons are the board of directors because of powers delegated to that person or group pursuant to section 8. See
• Bona fide educational or scientific institution: means an institution that establishes through documentation that it is a tax-exempt institution under the Internal Revenue Service's educational or scientific tax exemption. See
• Bylaws: means the code or codes of rules (other than the articles) adopted pursuant to this title for the regulation or management of the affairs of the corporation, stored or depicted in any tangible or electronic medium, and irrespective of the name or names by which such rules are designated. See
• Civil citation: means an environmental citation issued by the Secretary or the Board for a violation of a statute listed under subsection 8003(a) of this title. See
• Class: refers to a group of memberships which have the same rights with respect to voting, dissolution, redemption, and transfer. See
• Closure: includes post-closure observation and maintenance. See
• Commissioner: means the Commissioner of Fish and Wildlife. See
• Complaint: A written statement by the plaintiff stating the wrongs allegedly committed by the defendant.
• Compliance: means compliance with the statutes specified in section 8003 of this title and with any related rules, permits, assurances, or orders. See
• Contract: A legal written agreement that becomes binding when signed.
• Corporation: A legal entity owned by the holders of shares of stock that have been issued, and that can own, receive, and transfer property, and carry on business in its own name.
• Corporation: means public benefit and mutual benefit corporation. See
• Covered animal: means any species of:

• Covered animal part or product: means any item that contains, or is wholly or partially made from, a covered animal, including the meat or flesh of a covered animal sold as food. See
• Damages: Money paid by defendants to successful plaintiffs in civil cases to compensate the plaintiffs for their injuries.
• Deed: The legal instrument used to transfer title in real property from one person to another.
• Defendant: In a civil suit, the person complained against; in a criminal case, the person accused of the crime.
• Delegates: means those persons elected or appointed to vote in a representative assembly for the election of a director or directors or on other matters. See
• delivery: means any method of delivery used in conventional commercial practice, including delivery by hand, mail, commercial delivery, and electronic transmission. See
• Destroy or adversely impact: means , with respect to critical habitat, a direct or indirect activity that negatively affects the value of critical habitat for the survival, conservation, or recovery of a listed threatened or endangered species. See
• Devise: To gift property by will.
• Directors: means individuals, designated in the articles or bylaws or elected by the incorporators, and their successors and individuals elected or appointed by any other name or title to act as members of the board. See
• Discovery: Lawyers' examination, before trial, of facts and documents in possession of the opponents to help the lawyers prepare for trial.
• Distribution: means a direct or indirect transfer of money or other property (except its own shares) or incurrence of indebtedness by a corporation to or for the benefit of its shareholders in respect of any of its shares. See
• Distribution: means the payment of a dividend or any part of the income or profit of a corporation to its members, directors, or officers. See
• Domestic: when applied to a corporation, company, association, or copartnership shall mean organized under the laws of this State; "foreign" when so applied, shall mean organized under the laws of another state, government, or country. See
• domestic corporation: means a corporation for profit, which is not a foreign corporation, incorporated under or subject to the provisions of this title. See
• Domestic corporation: means a corporation. See
• Donor: The person who makes a gift.
• Economic benefit: means a reasonable approximation of any gain, advantage, wrongful profit, or delayed avoided cost, financial or otherwise, obtained as a result of a violation. See
• electronically transmitted: means a process of communication not directly involving the physical transfer of paper that is suitable for the retention, retrieval, and reproduction of information by the recipient. See
• Employee: includes an officer but not a director. See
• Endangered species: means a species listed as endangered under this chapter or under the federal Endangered Species Act. See
• Entitlement: A Federal program or provision of law that requires payments to any person or unit of government that meets the eligibility criteria established by law. Entitlements constitute a binding obligation on the part of the Federal Government, and eligible recipients have legal recourse if the obligation is not fulfilled. Social Security and veterans' compensation and pensions are examples of entitlement programs.
• Entity: includes corporation and foreign corporation; business corporation and foreign business corporation; profit and nonprofit unincorporated association; business trust, estate, partnership, trust, and two or more persons having a joint or common economic interest; and state, United States; and foreign government. See
• Environmental Division: means the Environmental Division of the Superior Court established by 4 V. See
• Equitable: Pertaining to civil suits in "equity" rather than in "law." In English legal history, the courts of "law" could order the payment of damages and could afford no other remedy. See damages. A separate court of "equity" could order someone to do something or to cease to do something. See, e.g., injunction. In American jurisprudence, the federal courts have both legal and equitable power, but the distinction is still an important one. For example, a trial by jury is normally available in "law" cases but not in "equity" cases. ^{Source: U.S. Courts}
• Escrow: Money given to a third party to be held for payment until certain conditions are met.
• Evidence: Information presented in testimony or in documents that is used to persuade the fact finder (judge or jury) to decide the case for one side or the other.
• Executor: A male person named in a will to carry out the decedent
• Fair market value: The price at which an asset would change hands in a transaction between a willing, informed buyer and a willing, informed seller.
• federal Endangered Species Act: means the Endangered Species Act of 1973, Public Law 93-205, as amended. See
• Federally authorized or delegated program: means an area of environmental regulation where the U. See
• Fee simple: Absolute title to property with no limitations or restrictions regarding the person who may inherit it.
• Fees: shall mean earnings due for official services, aside from salaries or per diem compensation. See
• Fiduciary: A trustee, executor, or administrator.
• filing: means filed in the Office of the Secretary of State. See
• Fiscal year: The fiscal year is the accounting period for the government. For the federal government, this begins on October 1 and ends on September 30. The fiscal year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends; for example, fiscal year 2006 begins on October 1, 2005 and ends on September 30, 2006.
• Fixed Rate: Having a "fixed" rate means that the APR doesn't change based on fluctuations of some external rate (such as the "Prime Rate"). In other words, a fixed rate is a rate that is not a variable rate. A fixed APR can change over time, in several circumstances:
  • You are late making a payment or commit some other default, triggering an increase to a penalty rate
  • The bank changes the terms of your account and you do not reject the change.
  • The rate expires (if the rate was fixed for only a certain period of time).
• following: when used by way of reference to a section of the law shall mean the next preceding or following section. See
• Foreign corporation: means a corporation for profit incorporated under a law other than the law of this State. See
• Foreign corporation: means a corporation organized under a law other than the law of this State which would be a nonprofit corporation if formed under the laws of this State. See
• Forestry operations: include the primary processing of forest products of commercial value on a parcel where the timber harvest occurs. See
• Fragile area: means an area of land or water that has unusual or significant flora, fauna, geological, or similar features of scientific, ecological, or educational interest. See
• Germane: On the subject of the pending bill or other business; a strict standard of relevance.
• Gift: A voluntary transfer or conveyance of property without consideration, or for less than full and adequate consideration based on fair market value.
• Grantor: The person who establishes a trust and places property into it.
• Guardian: A person legally empowered and charged with the duty of taking care of and managing the property of another person who because of age, intellect, or health, is incapable of managing his (her) own affairs.
• Habitat: means the physical and biological environment in which a particular species of plant or animal lives. See
• Indemnification: In general, a collateral contract or assurance under which one person agrees to secure another person against either anticipated financial losses or potential adverse legal consequences. ^{Source: FDIC}
• Individual: includes the estate of an individual who is incompetent. See
• Injunction: An order of the court prohibiting (or compelling) the performance of a specific act to prevent irreparable damage or injury.
• Investigator: means an investigator designated and duly authorized by the Secretary or the Board. See
• Jurisdiction: (1) The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case. Concurrent jurisdiction exists when two courts have simultaneous responsibility for the same case. (2) The geographic area over which the court has authority to decide cases.
• Lease: A contract transferring the use of property or occupancy of land, space, structures, or equipment in consideration of a payment (e.g., rent). ^{Source: OCC}
• Liabilities: The aggregate of all debts and other legal obligations of a particular person or legal entity.
• Lien: A claim against real or personal property in satisfaction of a debt.
• Litigation: A case, controversy, or lawsuit. Participants (plaintiffs and defendants) in lawsuits are called litigants.
• Low-level radioactive waste: means radioactive material that is not high-level radioactive waste, spent nuclear fuel, transuranic waste, or byproduct material, as defined in 42 U. See
• Meeting: means any structured communications conducted by participants in person or through the use of electronic or telecommunications medium permitting simultaneous or sequentially structured communications for the purpose of reaching a collective agreement. See
• Meeting: means any structured communications conducted by participants in person or through the use of an electronic or telecommunications medium permitting simultaneous or sequentially structured communications. See
• Member: means (without regard to what a person is called in the articles or bylaws) any person or persons who on more than one occasion, pursuant to a provision of a corporation's articles or bylaws, have the right to vote for the election of a director or directors. See
• Membership: refers to the rights and obligations a member or members have pursuant to a corporation's articles, bylaws, and this title. See
• Municipality: shall include a city, town, town school district, incorporated school or fire district or incorporated village, and all other governmental incorporated units. See
• Mutual benefit corporation: means a domestic corporation which is required to be a mutual benefit corporation pursuant to section 17. See
• Obligation: An order placed, contract awarded, service received, or similar transaction during a given period that will require payments during the same or a future period.
• Partnership: A voluntary contract between two or more persons to pool some or all of their assets into a business, with the agreement that there will be a proportional sharing of profits and losses.
• Permit: means any permit, license, certification, or transitional operational authority issued under any of the statutes specified in section 8003 of this title. See
• Person: includes individual and entity. See
• Person: includes any individual or entity. See
• Person: means any individual, partnership, company, corporation, association, unincorporated association, joint venture, trust, municipality, the State of Vermont or any agency, department, or subdivision of the State, federal agency, or any other legal or commercial entity. See
• Person: shall include any natural person, corporation, municipality, the State of Vermont or any department, agency, or subdivision of the State, and any partnership, unincorporated association, or other legal entity. See
• Personal property: All property that is not real property.
• Plant: means any member of the plant kingdom, including seeds, roots, and other parts thereof. See
• Possession: means holding, controlling, exporting, importing, processing, selling, offering to sell, delivering, carrying, transporting, or shipping by any means a member of a species. See
• Post: means :

• Precedent: A court decision in an earlier case with facts and law similar to a dispute currently before a court. Precedent will ordinarily govern the decision of a later similar case, unless a party can show that it was wrongly decided or that it differed in some significant way.
• President pro tempore: A constitutionally recognized officer of the Senate who presides over the chamber in the absence of the Vice President. The President Pro Tempore (or, "president for a time") is elected by the Senate and is, by custom, the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service.
• Presiding officer: A majority-party Senator who presides over the Senate and is charged with maintaining order and decorum, recognizing Members to speak, and interpreting the Senate's rules, practices and precedents.
• Principal office: means the office (in or outside this State) so designated in the annual report where the principal executive offices of a domestic or foreign corporation are located. See
• Principal office: means the office (in or outside this State) so designated in the biennial report filed pursuant to section 16. See
• procedures: means all activities associated with natural resources management, including scientific research, census, law enforcement, habitat acquisition and maintenance, propagation, live trapping, and transplanting. See
• Proceeding: includes civil suit and criminal, administrative, and investigatory action. See
• Proceeding: includes civil suit and criminal, administrative, and investigatory action. See
• Proxy voting: The practice of allowing a legislator to cast a vote in committee for an absent legislator.
• Public benefit corporation: means a domestic corporation which is required to be a public benefit corporation pursuant to section 17. See
• Public comment: means ample opportunities for public input, including at least prior availability of a draft decision, policy, or rule, two public hearings in different areas of the State, warned at least twice with a first warning not less than 30 days prior to the hearing by notice to daily media outlets in the area and statewide, and preparation and distribution of a response summary to all comments received. See
• Public law: A public bill or joint resolution that has passed both chambers and been enacted into law. Public laws have general applicability nationwide.
• Qualified organization: means :

• Quorum: The number of legislators that must be present to do business.
• Real property: Land, and all immovable fixtures erected on, growing on, or affixed to the land.
• Record date: means the date established under chapter 6 or 7 of this title on which a corporation determines the identity of its members for the purposes of this title. See
• Register: means the fragile areas register that lists those fragile areas designated by the Secretary. See
• Register of fragile areas: means the listing of fragile areas that are being managed by the owner of the fragile area according to guidelines adopted by the Secretary. See
• Registry: means the act of voluntary agreement between the owner of a fragile area and the Secretary for designation of the fragile area and its placement on the register of fragile areas. See
• Remand: When an appellate court sends a case back to a lower court for further proceedings.
• Respondent: means a person who has committed or is alleged to have committed a violation. See
• Restitution: The court-ordered payment of money by the defendant to the victim for damages caused by the criminal action.
• road: shall include bridges thereon and their approaches. See
• said: when used by way of reference to a person or thing shall apply to the same person or thing last mentioned. See
• seal: shall include an impression of the official seal made upon paper alone or by means of a wafer or wax affixed thereto. See
• Secretary: means the Secretary of Natural Resources. See
• Secretary: means the Secretary of Natural Resources. See
• Secretary: means the Secretary of the Agency of Natural Resources. See
• Secretary: means the corporate officer to whom the board of directors has delegated responsibility under subsection 8. See
• Secretary: means the corporate officer to whom the board of directors has delegated responsibility under subsection 8. See
• Secretary: means the Secretary of Natural Resources or the Secretary's duly authorized representative. See
• sell: means any act of selling, trading, or bartering for monetary or nonmonetary consideration and includes any transfer of ownership that occurs in the course of a commercial transaction. See
• Service of process: The service of writs or summonses to the appropriate party.
• Settlement: Parties to a lawsuit resolve their difference without having a trial. Settlements often involve the payment of compensation by one party in satisfaction of the other party's claims.
• Shareholder: means the person in whose name shares are registered in the records of a corporation or upon presentation for registration are entitled to be registered in the records of a corporation. See
• signature: includes any manual, facsimile, conformed, or electronic signature. See
• Siting plan: means a plan which reflects the standards, procedures and timetables of this chapter and meets the requirements for a siting plan of the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985 (Public Law 99-240) (42 U. See
• Species: means wildlife or wild plants and any subspecies or other group of wildlife or wild plants of the same species, the members of which may interbreed when mature. See
• State: when applied to the different parts of the United States may apply to the District of Columbia and any territory and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. See
• State agency: means the Agency of Natural Resources or any of its departments, Agency of Transportation, Agency of Agriculture, Food and Markets, or Vermont Housing and Conservation Board. See
• Statute: A law passed by a legislature.
• Statute of limitations: A law that sets the time within which parties must take action to enforce their rights.
• Stop work order: means an order to cease construction or other activity. See
• taking:

• tax: means ad valorem taxes levied by the State and its municipalities. See
• Threatened species: means a species listed as a threatened species under this chapter or determined to be a "threatened species" under the federal Endangered Species Act. See
• Town: shall include city and wards or precincts therein; "selectboard members" and "board of civil authority" shall extend to and include the mayor and aldermen of cities; "trustees" shall extend to and include bailiffs of incorporated villages; and the laws applicable to the inhabitants and officers of towns shall be applicable to the inhabitants and similar officers of all municipal corporations. See
• Trial: A hearing that takes place when the defendant pleads "not guilty" and witnesses are required to come to court to give evidence.
• Trust account: A general term that covers all types of accounts in a trust department, such as estates, guardianships, and agencies. ^{Source: OCC}
• Trustee: A person or institution holding and administering property in trust.
• United States: includes district, authority, bureau, commission, department, and any other agency of the United States. See
• Village: shall mean an incorporated village. See
• Violation: means noncompliance with one or more of the statutes specified in section 8003 of this title or any related rules, permits, assurances, or orders. See
• Vote: includes authorization by written ballot and written consent. See
• Voting power: means the total number of votes entitled to be cast for the election of directors at the time the determination of voting power is made, excluding a vote which is contingent upon the happening of a condition or event that has not occurred at the time. See
• Wildlife: means any member of a nondomesticated species of the animal kingdom, whether reared in captivity or not, including any mammal, fish, bird, amphibian, reptile, mollusk, crustacean, arthropod, or other invertebrate and also including any part, product, egg, offspring, dead body, or part of the dead body of any such wildlife. See
• Yankee site: means a site for a low-level radioactive waste disposal facility on land presently owned by and contiguous to the Vermont Yankee nuclear generating facility. See