§ 600.2101 Cases tried without jury; objections to testimony or evidence; exclusion of testimony from record; taking of excluded testimony; return of excluded testimony to court of appeals or supreme court
§ 600.2102 Affidavit taken in other state or country; authentication
§ 600.2103 Judicial records of other states or countries; use as evidence; authentication
§ 600.2104 Judicial records of foreign countries; copies as evidence
§ 600.2105 Judicial records of foreign countries; proof by common law methods
§ 600.2106 Court order, judgment, or decree of court of record; certified copy as evidence
§ 600.2107 Public records; certified transcript as evidence
§ 600.2108 Secretary of state; certificate of nonexistence of record
§ 600.2109 Recorded conveyance and instruments; certified copies
§ 600.2110 Recorded conveyances and instruments; record in county other than situs; certified copies
§ 600.2111 Certificate of lost paper as evidence of loss
§ 600.2112 Certificates of justices of the peace of other states as evidence
§ 600.2113 Constitution, laws, and resolutions; official publication as evidence
§ 600.2114a Issues of foreign law; notice; evidence; duties of court; review on appeal
§ 600.2116 Laws, bylaws, regulations, resolutions, and ordinances of city, village, or township as evidence
§ 600.2117 Device by way of seal as evidence of seal
§ 600.2118a Foreign records and laws; evidence; copies, certification
§ 600.2119 Judgment; record of certified copy as evidence
§ 600.2122 Certified as evidence; United States land office records
§ 600.2123 Certified copies as evidence; records of board of control of Saint Mary’s Falls ship canal
§ 600.2124 Certified copies as evidence; United States weather record
§ 600.2125 Proof of publication; notice of application to court or judicial officer
§ 600.2126 Proof of publication; notice of sale of real property
§ 600.2127 Proof of publication; presumptive evidence
§ 600.2128 Proof of publication; prima facie evidence
§ 600.2129 Proof of publication; copy of record of document; certification; court orders; seal
§ 600.2130 Schedules, classifications, tariffs, and supplements filed with regulatory commissions; copies as evidence; presumption
§ 600.2131 Written instruments; proof; acknowledgment
§ 600.2132 Marriage certificates and records as evidence
§ 600.2133 Marriage license or certificate; record as evidence
§ 600.2134 Purchase of public lands; certificates as evidence
§ 600.2135 Breed of horses; evidence
§ 600.2136 Library record, book, or paper; copy or reproduction admissible as evidence; fee; false certification; penalty
§ 600.2137 Reproduction or copy admissible in evidence
§ 600.2138 Filed or recorded documents; copy or replacement; certification; admissibility as evidence; transcript or certified copy; filing or inserting correction, alteration, indorsement, or entry
§ 600.2139 Seal; presumptive evidence of consideration
§ 600.2140 Corporate existence; proof
§ 600.2141 Copartnership; proof
§ 600.2142 Seal; prima facie proof of lawful execution of instruments by corporations, other firms
§ 600.2143 Subscribing witness to instrument need not be called; exception
§ 600.2144 Signature or handwriting; proof
§ 600.2145 Open account or account stated; proof, counterclaim
§ 600.2146 Writing or record made in regular course of business; reproduction admissible in evidence; other circumstances; lack of entry; reproduction as evidence
§ 600.2147 Business record prepared or entered in regular course of business; reproduction as evidence; delivery of copy to adverse party
§ 600.2148 Reproduced records of business firms; disposal of original record; admissibility of reproduction in evidence; “person” defined
§ 600.2149 Loss of instrument; proof and disproof
§ 600.2151 Admission of member of corporation as evidence
§ 600.2152 Mental competency of testator; presumption
§ 600.2153 Public officers; administration of oaths for certain purposes
§ 600.2154 Witness; obligation to answer through revealing civil liability; self-incrimination
§ 600.2155 Statement, writing, or action expressing sympathy, compassion, commiseration, or benevolence; admissibility in action for malpractice; “family” defined
§ 600.2156 Minister, priest, or Christian Science practitioner; nondisclosure of confessions
§ 600.2157 Physician-patient privilege; waiver
§ 600.2157a Definitions; consultation between victim and sexual assault or domestic violence counselor; admissibility
§ 600.2157b Confidential communication to crime stoppers organization; definitions
§ 600.2158 Crime; interest or relationship of witness, effect
§ 600.2159 Parties as witnesses; depositions; comment on failure of criminal defendant to testify
§ 600.2161 Cross examination of opposite party or agent
§ 600.2162 Husband or wife as witness for or against other
§ 600.2163a Definitions; prosecutions and proceedings to which section applicable; use of dolls or mannequins; support person; notice; videorecorded statement; special arrangements to protect welfare of witn
§ 600.2164 Expert witnesses; fees; contempt for excessive fees; number; application of section
§ 600.2164a Expert witness; testimony at trial by video communication equipment; motion; payment of cost
§ 600.2165 Disclosure of students’ records or communications by school teacher or employee
§ 600.2166 Admissibility of evidence in action by or against person incapable of testifying
§ 600.2169 Qualifications of expert witness in action alleging medical malpractice; determination; disqualification of expert witness; testimony on contingency fee basis as misdemeanor; limitations applicab
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Terms Used In Michigan Laws > Chapter 600 > Act 236 of 1961 > Chapter 21 - Evidence

  • Advice and consent: Under the Constitution, presidential nominations for executive and judicial posts take effect only when confirmed by the Senate, and international treaties become effective only when the Senate approves them by a two-thirds vote.
  • Affidavit: A written statement of facts confirmed by the oath of the party making it, before a notary or officer having authority to administer oaths.
  • Affiliate: means a person who, directly or indirectly, controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with; is in a partnership or joint venture relationship with; or is a co-shareholder of a corporation, co-member of a limited liability company, or co-partner in a limited liability partnership with a person who holds or applies for a race meeting or track license under this act. See Michigan Laws 431.302
  • Annuity: A periodic (usually annual) payment of a fixed sum of money for either the life of the recipient or for a fixed number of years. A series of payments under a contract from an insurance company, a trust company, or an individual. Annuity payments are made at regular intervals over a period of more than one full year.
  • Answer: The formal written statement by a defendant responding to a civil complaint and setting forth the grounds for defense.
  • Appeal: A request made after a trial, asking another court (usually the court of appeals) to decide whether the trial was conducted properly. To make such a request is "to appeal" or "to take an appeal." One who appeals is called the appellant.
  • Appellate: About appeals; an appellate court has the power to review the judgement of another lower court or tribunal.
  • Appropriation: The provision of funds, through an annual appropriations act or a permanent law, for federal agencies to make payments out of the Treasury for specified purposes. The formal federal spending process consists of two sequential steps: authorization
  • Authority: means the Mackinac bridge authority created in 1950 (Ex Sess) PA 21, MCL 254. See Michigan Laws 254.311
  • Beneficiary: A person who is entitled to receive the benefits or proceeds of a will, trust, insurance policy, retirement plan, annuity, or other contract. Source: OCC
  • bonds: means all bonds authorized to be issued by this act. See Michigan Laws 254.311
  • Breaks: means the cents over any multiple of 10 otherwise payable to a patron on a wager of $1. See Michigan Laws 431.302
  • Bureau: means the bureau of state lottery created by this act. See Michigan Laws 432.3
  • Chambers: A judge's office.
  • Commissioner: means the commissioner of state lottery. See Michigan Laws 432.3
  • Common law: The legal system that originated in England and is now in use in the United States. It is based on judicial decisions rather than legislative action.
  • Complaint: A written statement by the plaintiff stating the wrongs allegedly committed by the defendant.
  • Contract: A legal written agreement that becomes binding when signed.
  • Controlled substance: means that term as defined in section 7104 of the public health code, 1978 PA 368, MCL 333. See Michigan Laws 431.302
  • Conviction: A judgement of guilt against a criminal defendant.
  • Corporation: A legal entity owned by the holders of shares of stock that have been issued, and that can own, receive, and transfer property, and carry on business in its own name.
  • counterclaim: as used in this act , includes setoff and recoupment. See Michigan Laws 600.111
  • Counterclaim: A claim that a defendant makes against a plaintiff.
  • Day of operation: means a period of 24 hours beginning at 12 noon and ending at 11:59 a. See Michigan Laws 431.302
  • Decedent: A deceased person.
  • Deed: The legal instrument used to transfer title in real property from one person to another.
  • Defendant: In a civil suit, the person complained against; in a criminal case, the person accused of the crime.
  • Deposition: An oral statement made before an officer authorized by law to administer oaths. Such statements are often taken to examine potential witnesses, to obtain discovery, or to be used later in trial.
  • Discovery: Lawyers' examination, before trial, of facts and documents in possession of the opponents to help the lawyers prepare for trial.
  • Drug: means any of the following:
    (i) A substance intended for use in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in humans or other animals. See Michigan Laws 431.302
  • Escrow: Money given to a third party to be held for payment until certain conditions are met.
  • Evidence: Information presented in testimony or in documents that is used to persuade the fact finder (judge or jury) to decide the case for one side or the other.
  • Fair: means a county, district, or community fair or a state fair. See Michigan Laws 431.302
  • Fiscal year: The fiscal year is the accounting period for the government. For the federal government, this begins on October 1 and ends on September 30. The fiscal year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends; for example, fiscal year 2006 begins on October 1, 2005 and ends on September 30, 2006.
  • Foreign substance: means a substance, or its metabolites, that does not exist naturally in an untreated horse or, if natural to an untreated horse, exists at an unnaturally high physiological concentration as a result of having been administered to the horse. See Michigan Laws 431.302
  • Fraud: Intentional deception resulting in injury to another.
  • Freedom of Information Act: A federal law that mandates that all the records created and kept by federal agencies in the executive branch of government must be open for public inspection and copying. The only exceptions are those records that fall into one of nine exempted categories listed in the statute. Source: OCC
  • Gift: A voluntary transfer or conveyance of property without consideration, or for less than full and adequate consideration based on fair market value.
  • Guardian: A person legally empowered and charged with the duty of taking care of and managing the property of another person who because of age, intellect, or health, is incapable of managing his (her) own affairs.
  • Impeachment: (1) The process of calling something into question, as in "impeaching the testimony of a witness." (2) The constitutional process whereby the House of Representatives may "impeach" (accuse of misconduct) high officers of the federal government for trial in the Senate.
  • in writing: shall be construed to include printing, engraving, and lithographing; except that if the written signature of a person is required by law, the signature shall be the proper handwriting of the person or, if the person is unable to write, the person's proper mark, which may be, unless otherwise expressly prohibited by law, a clear and classifiable fingerprint of the person made with ink or another substance. See Michigan Laws 8.3q
  • Joint enterprise: means any lottery activity in which the bureau participates pursuant to a written agreement between the state of Michigan and any state, territory, country, or other sovereignty as executed by the commissioner. See Michigan Laws 432.3
  • judgment: as used in this act , includes decree. See Michigan Laws 600.112
  • Jurisdiction: (1) The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case. Concurrent jurisdiction exists when two courts have simultaneous responsibility for the same case. (2) The geographic area over which the court has authority to decide cases.
  • Lease: A contract transferring the use of property or occupancy of land, space, structures, or equipment in consideration of a payment (e.g., rent). Source: OCC
  • Liabilities: The aggregate of all debts and other legal obligations of a particular person or legal entity.
  • Litigation: A case, controversy, or lawsuit. Participants (plaintiffs and defendants) in lawsuits are called litigants.
  • Member of the immediate family: means the spouse, child, parent, or sibling. See Michigan Laws 431.302
  • month: means a calendar month; the word "year" a calendar year; and the word "year" alone shall be equivalent to the words "year of our Lord". See Michigan Laws 8.3j
  • Net commission: means the amount determined under section 17(3), after first deducting from the licensee's statutory commission the applicable state tax on wagering due and payable under section 22 and the actual verified fee paid by the licensee to the sending host track to receive the simulcast signal. See Michigan Laws 431.302
  • oath: shall be construed to include the word "affirmation" in all cases where by law an affirmation may be substituted for an oath; and in like cases the word "sworn" shall be construed to include the word "affirmed". See Michigan Laws 8.3k
  • Oath: A promise to tell the truth.
  • Office of the racing commissioner: means the horse racing section of the horse racing, audit, and gaming technology division of the Michigan gaming control board created by section 4 of the Michigan gaming control and revenue act, 1996 IL 1, MCL 432. See Michigan Laws 431.302
  • Partnership: A voluntary contract between two or more persons to pool some or all of their assets into a business, with the agreement that there will be a proportional sharing of profits and losses.
  • Person: means an individual, firm, partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity. See Michigan Laws 431.302
  • person: may extend and be applied to bodies politic and corporate, as well as to individuals. See Michigan Laws 8.3l
  • Personal property: All property that is not real property.
  • Plaintiff: The person who files the complaint in a civil lawsuit.
  • Plea: In a criminal case, the defendant's statement pleading "guilty" or "not guilty" in answer to the charges, a declaration made in open court.
  • Pleadings: Written statements of the parties in a civil case of their positions. In the federal courts, the principal pleadings are the complaint and the answer.
  • Precedent: A court decision in an earlier case with facts and law similar to a dispute currently before a court. Precedent will ordinarily govern the decision of a later similar case, unless a party can show that it was wrongly decided or that it differed in some significant way.
  • Probate: Proving a will
  • Prosecute: To charge someone with a crime. A prosecutor tries a criminal case on behalf of the government.
  • Purse pool: means an amount of money allocated or apportioned to pay prizes for horse races and from which payments may be made to certified horsemen's organizations as provided in this act. See Michigan Laws 431.302
  • Quorum: The number of legislators that must be present to do business.
  • racing commissioner: means the executive director of the Michigan gaming control board appointed under section 4 of the Michigan gaming control and revenue act, 1996 IL 1, MCL 432. See Michigan Laws 431.302
  • Real property: Land, and all immovable fixtures erected on, growing on, or affixed to the land.
  • Remainder: An interest in property that takes effect in the future at a specified time or after the occurrence of some event, such as the death of a life tenant.
  • Reporter: Makes a record of court proceedings and prepares a transcript, and also publishes the court's opinions or decisions (in the courts of appeals).
  • Restitution: The court-ordered payment of money by the defendant to the victim for damages caused by the criminal action.
  • seal: shall be construed to include any of the following:
    •     (a) The impression of the seal on the paper alone. See Michigan Laws 8.3n
  • shall not apply: means that the pertinent provision is not operative as to certain persons or things or in conjunction with a particular date or dates. See Michigan Laws 8.4c
  • Standardbred: means a horse registered with the United States Trotting Association that races on designated gaits of pace or trot. See Michigan Laws 431.302
  • state: means the state of Michigan. See Michigan Laws 254.311
  • state: when applied to the different parts of the United States, shall be construed to extend to and include the District of Columbia and the several territories belonging to the United States; and the words "United States" shall be construed to include the district and territories. See Michigan Laws 8.3o
  • state lottery: means the lottery created pursuant to this act and operated exclusively by or under the exclusive control of the bureau of state lottery. See Michigan Laws 432.3
  • Statute: A law passed by a legislature.
  • Subpoena: A command to a witness to appear and give testimony.
  • Testify: Answer questions in court.
  • Testimony: Evidence presented orally by witnesses during trials or before grand juries.
  • Thoroughbred: means a thoroughbred, quarter, paint, Arabian, or other breed horse. See Michigan Laws 431.302
  • Tort: A civil wrong or breach of a duty to another person, as outlined by law. A very common tort is negligent operation of a motor vehicle that results in property damage and personal injury in an automobile accident.
  • Transcript: A written, word-for-word record of what was said, either in a proceeding such as a trial or during some other conversation, as in a transcript of a hearing or oral deposition.
  • Trial: A hearing that takes place when the defendant pleads "not guilty" and witnesses are required to come to court to give evidence.
  • United States: shall be construed to include the district and territories. See Michigan Laws 8.3o
  • Veterinarian: means an individual licensed to practice veterinary medicine under part 188 of the public health code, 1978 PA 368, MCL 333. See Michigan Laws 431.302
  • Writ: A formal written command, issued from the court, requiring the performance of a specific act.