Terms Used In Indiana Code > Title 4 > Article 12 - Appropriations Management

• account: refers to the Indiana health care account established by section 3 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 4-12-5-1
• account: refers to the biomedical technology and basic research account established by section 3 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 4-12-6-1
• account: refers to the Indiana prescription drug account established by section 2 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 4-12-8-1
• account: refers to the regional health care construction account established within the Indiana tobacco master settlement agreement fund by section 3 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 4-12-8.5-1
• Adjourn: A motion to adjourn a legislative chamber or a committee, if passed, ends that day's session.
• Affidavit: A written statement of facts confirmed by the oath of the party making it, before a notary or officer having authority to administer oaths.
• Allegation: something that someone says happened.
• alternative education program: refers to an alternative school or educational program that is described in section 6 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 20-30-8-1
• Amendment: A proposal to alter the text of a pending bill or other measure by striking out some of it, by inserting new language, or both. Before an amendment becomes part of the measure, thelegislature must agree to it.
• Annuity: A periodic (usually annual) payment of a fixed sum of money for either the life of the recipient or for a fixed number of years. A series of payments under a contract from an insurance company, a trust company, or an individual. Annuity payments are made at regular intervals over a period of more than one full year.
• Answer: The formal written statement by a defendant responding to a civil complaint and setting forth the grounds for defense.
• Appeal: A request made after a trial, asking another court (usually the court of appeals) to decide whether the trial was conducted properly. To make such a request is "to appeal" or "to take an appeal." One who appeals is called the appellant.
• appointing authority: means the head of an agency of the state. See Indiana Code 4-12-1-2
• Appraisal: A determination of property value.
• Appropriation: The provision of funds, through an annual appropriations act or a permanent law, for federal agencies to make payments out of the Treasury for specified purposes. The formal federal spending process consists of two sequential steps: authorization
• approved postsecondary educational institution: has the meaning set forth in IC 21-7-13-6(b). See Indiana Code 20-30-5.6-0.5
• Arrest: Taking physical custody of a person by lawful authority.
• Assets: (1) The property comprising the estate of a deceased person, or (2) the property in a trust account.
• association: means an organization that conducts, organizes, sanctions, or sponsors interscholastic high school athletic events as the organization's primary purpose. See Indiana Code 20-26-14-1
• attend: means to be physically present:

  Indiana Code 20-33-2-3.2

• attendance unit: means the geographical and population area served by a single school that consists of part or all of the school corporation. See Indiana Code 20-30-15-2
• Attorney: includes a counselor or other person authorized to appear and represent a party in an action or special proceeding. See Indiana Code 1-1-4-5
• Autism: means a neurological condition as described in the most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders of the American Psychiatric Association. See Indiana Code 1-1-4-5
• Beneficiary: A person who is entitled to receive the benefits or proceeds of a will, trust, insurance policy, retirement plan, annuity, or other contract. ^{Source: OCC}
• Bequest: Property gifted by will.
• bilingual-bicultural instruction: means the use of written and spoken English and a non-English language to teach students. See Indiana Code 20-30-9-1
• bilingual-bicultural program: means a course of bilingual-bicultural instruction for non-English dominant students, designed to meet the students' language skill needs as soon as possible. See Indiana Code 20-30-9-2
• budget bills: shall mean a bill for an act, or two (2) or more such bills, prepared as authorized in this chapter, by which substantially all of the appropriations are made that are necessary and required to carry on state government for the budget period, if and when such bill is, or such bills are, enacted into law. See Indiana Code 4-12-1-2
• budget director: means the person who is director of the budget agency. See Indiana Code 4-12-1-2
• budget period: means that period of time for which appropriations are made in the budget bill or budget bills. See Indiana Code 4-12-1-2
• budget report: shall mean a written explanation of the budget bill or bills, and a general statement of the reasons for the appropriations therein and of the sources and extent of state income to meet such appropriations, together with such further parts as are required by law. See Indiana Code 4-12-1-2
• career and technical education: means any education that has the major purpose of preparing an individual for profitable employment. See Indiana Code 20-30-15-5
• career fair: means an event at which employers and labor organizations can meet with high school students to discuss future career opportunities. See Indiana Code 20-30-5.6-1
• case: refers to a decision of the association:

  Indiana Code 20-26-14-2

• certificate: refers to the state certificate of biliteracy created under section 3 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 20-30-14.5-2
• certificated employee: includes the following:

  Indiana Code 20-28-11.5-0.5

• charter school: has the meaning set forth in IC 20-24-1-4 and includes an entity that has filed an application with an authorizer and is seeking approval from the authorizer to operate a charter school under IC 20-24-3. See Indiana Code 20-26-7.1-2
• Civil forfeiture: The loss of ownership of property used to conduct illegal activity.
• Clerk: means the clerk of the court or a person authorized to perform the clerk's duties. See Indiana Code 1-1-4-5
• coach: refers to a coach of grades 9 through 12 in all association recognized sports, including nonteaching and volunteer coaches. See Indiana Code 20-26-14-2.5
• cohort: refers to a class of students who:

  Indiana Code 20-26-13-2

• Columbus Learning Center: refers to a multipurpose educational facility to be located in Columbus, Indiana, and leased by the board of aviation commissioners of the city of Columbus, Indiana, to Columbus Learning Center Management Corporation. See Indiana Code 4-12-14-1
• committee: refers to the code revision committee described in section 3 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 2-5-1.4-1
• committee: refers to the probate code study committee established by section 2 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 2-5-16.1-1
• committee: means the budget committee. See Indiana Code 4-12-1-2
• Common law: The legal system that originated in England and is now in use in the United States. It is based on judicial decisions rather than legislative action.
• Complaint: A written statement by the plaintiff stating the wrongs allegedly committed by the defendant.
• Conference committee: A temporary, ad hoc panel composed of conferees from both chamber of a legislature which is formed for the purpose of reconciling differences in legislation that has passed both chambers. Conference committees are usually convened to resolve bicameral differences on major and controversial legislation.
• Continuance: Putting off of a hearing ot trial until a later time.
• Contract: A legal written agreement that becomes binding when signed.
• contract: refers to a contract entered into under this chapter for the establishment of:

  Indiana Code 20-26-15-1

• Conviction: A judgement of guilt against a criminal defendant.
• Corporation: A legal entity owned by the holders of shares of stock that have been issued, and that can own, receive, and transfer property, and carry on business in its own name.
• cost of coverage: includes any deposit to a health savings account that is related to a high deductible health plan. See Indiana Code 20-26-17-1
• council: refers to the legislative council created by Indiana Code 2-5-1.4-2
• course access program catalog: means a list of approved course access program courses provided by authorized course providers that is maintained by the department under section 8 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 20-30-16-1
• course provider: means a provider that offers course access program courses that provide for the delivery of instruction through any method, including use of online technologies. See Indiana Code 20-30-16-2
• covered school building: means a school building that is owned by a school corporation or any other entity that is related in any way to, or created by, the school corporation or the governing body, including a building corporation, and that has at any time been used for classroom instruction. See Indiana Code 20-26-7.1-2.1
• Credit Score: A number, roughly between 300 and 800, that measures an individual's credit worthiness. The most well-known type of credit score is the FICO score. This score represents the answer from a mathematical formula that assigns numerical values to various pieces of information in your credit report. ^{Source: OCC}
• Damages: Money paid by defendants to successful plaintiffs in civil cases to compensate the plaintiffs for their injuries.
• Deed: The legal instrument used to transfer title in real property from one person to another.
• Defendant: In a civil suit, the person complained against; in a criminal case, the person accused of the crime.
• Dependent: A person dependent for support upon another.
• Devise: To gift property by will.
• Discovery: Lawyers' examination, before trial, of facts and documents in possession of the opponents to help the lawyers prepare for trial.
• discretionary funds: means federal economic stimulus funds received under federal legislation granting the state authority to determine the amounts and manner in which the federal economic stimulus funds may be expended. See Indiana Code 4-12-18-2
• Dismissal: The dropping of a case by the judge without further consideration or hearing. ^Source:
• disruptive student: means an eligible student who has a documented record of frequent disruptions of the traditional school learning environment despite repeated attempts by the school corporation to modify the student's behavior in conformity with a progressive disciplinary program approved by the department. See Indiana Code 20-30-8-2
• division: means the division of migrant bilingual-bicultural education of the department. See Indiana Code 20-30-9-3
• Donor: The person who makes a gift.
• Electronic funds transfer: The transfer of money between accounts by consumer electronic systems-such as automated teller machines (ATMs) and electronic payment of bills-rather than by check or cash. (Wire transfers, checks, drafts, and paper instruments do not fall into this category.) ^{Source: OCC}
• eligible entity: refers to an entity that meets criteria established by the department under section 6 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 20-32-8.7-1
• eligible student: means an eligible pupil (as defined in IC 20-43-1-11) who meets the criteria for enrollment in an alternative education program under section 9 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 20-30-8-3
• eligible student: means a student who has completed less than fifty percent (50%) of the required number of credits necessary to graduate upon entering the student's fourth year of high school or any subsequent semester. See Indiana Code 20-30-8.5-2
• eligible student: means a student pursuing:

  Indiana Code 20-30-16-3

• employee organization: means an entity that works in whole or in part for the common interest of employees. See Indiana Code 4-15-17-2
• enrollment: means the total number of students within a grade that is reported to the department annually on:

  Indiana Code 20-26-13-3

• Equitable: Pertaining to civil suits in "equity" rather than in "law." In English legal history, the courts of "law" could order the payment of damages and could afford no other remedy. See damages. A separate court of "equity" could order someone to do something or to cease to do something. See, e.g., injunction. In American jurisprudence, the federal courts have both legal and equitable power, but the distinction is still an important one. For example, a trial by jury is normally available in "law" cases but not in "equity" cases. ^{Source: U.S. Courts}
• evaluator: means an individual who conducts a staff performance evaluation. See Indiana Code 20-28-11.5-1
• Evidence: Information presented in testimony or in documents that is used to persuade the fact finder (judge or jury) to decide the case for one side or the other.
• Ex officio: Literally, by virtue of one's office.
• exclusionary discipline: includes in school suspension, out of school suspension, expulsion, school based arrests, school based referrals to the juvenile justice system, and voluntary or involuntary placement in an alternative education program. See Indiana Code 20-28-3-0.3
• expected graduation year: means the reporting year beginning three (3) years after the reporting year in which a student is first considered by a school corporation to have entered grade nine. See Indiana Code 20-26-13-4
• Fair market value: The price at which an asset would change hands in a transaction between a willing, informed buyer and a willing, informed seller.
• federal economic stimulus funds: means federal money received by the state under federal legislation enacted in response to a recession or nationwide disaster. See Indiana Code 4-12-18-3
• Fiduciary: A trustee, executor, or administrator.
• Fiscal year: The fiscal year is the accounting period for the government. For the federal government, this begins on October 1 and ends on September 30. The fiscal year is designated by the calendar year in which it ends; for example, fiscal year 2006 begins on October 1, 2005 and ends on September 30, 2006.
• Foreclosure: A legal process in which property that is collateral or security for a loan may be sold to help repay the loan when the loan is in default. ^{Source: OCC}
• foreign language: refers to any language other than English, including:

  Indiana Code 20-30-14.5-1

• foster care: has the meaning set forth in Indiana Code 20-27-12-0.3
• Fraud: Intentional deception resulting in injury to another.
• freeway school: refers to :

  Indiana Code 20-26-15-2

• freeway school corporation: refers to a school corporation that enters into a contract under this chapter. See Indiana Code 20-26-15-3
• full-time equivalent students: means the number of students determined under section 16 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 20-30-8-3.5
• fund: refers to the Indiana tobacco use prevention and cessation trust fund created by this chapter. See Indiana Code 4-12-4-2
• fund: refers to the Indiana economic development partnership fund established by section 3 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 4-12-10-2
• fund: refers to the agency settlement fund established by section 2 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 4-12-16-1
• fund: means the state opioid settlement fund established by section 2 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 4-12-16.2-1
• fund: means the local opioid settlement fund established by section 2 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 4-12-16.3-1
• fund: refers to the special transportation flexibility fund established by section 2 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 4-12-16.5-1
• fund: refers to the student educational achievement fund established by section 4 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 20-31-7-2
• fund: refers to the student learning recovery grant program fund established by section 12 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 20-32-8.7-2
• Germane: On the subject of the pending bill or other business; a strict standard of relevance.
• Gift: A voluntary transfer or conveyance of property without consideration, or for less than full and adequate consideration based on fair market value.
• government information: refers to any information created, received, maintained, or stored by or otherwise in the control of a governmental entity, regardless of the form or the media on which the information is recorded. See Indiana Code 2-5-1.7-3
• governmental entity: means any of the following:

  Indiana Code 2-5-1.7-2

• graduation: means the successful completion by a student of:

  Indiana Code 20-26-13-5

• graduation rate: means the percentage of students within a cohort who graduate during their expected graduation year. See Indiana Code 20-26-13-6
• grant: refers to a student educational achievement grant from the fund. See Indiana Code 20-31-7-3
• grant: refers to a grant under the remediation grant program established under this chapter. See Indiana Code 20-32-8-1
• Guarantor: A party who agrees to be responsible for the payment of another party's debts should that party default. ^{Source: OCC}
• Guardian: A person legally empowered and charged with the duty of taking care of and managing the property of another person who because of age, intellect, or health, is incapable of managing his (her) own affairs.
• health plan: refers to any of the following:

  Indiana Code 20-26-17-2

• Highway: includes county bridges and state and county roads, unless otherwise expressly provided. See Indiana Code 1-1-4-5
• in writing: include printing, lithographing, or other mode of representing words and letters. See Indiana Code 1-1-4-5
• Injunction: An order of the court prohibiting (or compelling) the performance of a specific act to prevent irreparable damage or injury.
• inspection: means :

  Indiana Code 4-21.5-2.5-4

• Interest rate: The amount paid by a borrower to a lender in exchange for the use of the lender's money for a certain period of time. Interest is paid on loans or on debt instruments, such as notes or bonds, either at regular intervals or as part of a lump sum payment when the issue matures. ^{Source: OCC}
• interested person: refers to the following:

  Indiana Code 20-26-7.1-2.2

• intermediary: has the meaning set forth in Indiana Code 20-30-5.6-2
• Judgment: means all final orders, decrees, and determinations in an action and all orders upon which executions may issue. See Indiana Code 1-1-4-5
• Jurisdiction: (1) The legal authority of a court to hear and decide a case. Concurrent jurisdiction exists when two courts have simultaneous responsibility for the same case. (2) The geographic area over which the court has authority to decide cases.
• labor organization: has the meaning set forth in IC 22-6-6-5. See Indiana Code 20-30-5.6-3
• Lawsuit: A legal action started by a plaintiff against a defendant based on a complaint that the defendant failed to perform a legal duty, resulting in harm to the plaintiff.
• Lease: A contract transferring the use of property or occupancy of land, space, structures, or equipment in consideration of a payment (e.g., rent). ^{Source: OCC}
• legal standards: means Indiana statutes and rules adopted by the state board that apply to each school for accreditation. See Indiana Code 20-31-4.1-1
• Liabilities: The aggregate of all debts and other legal obligations of a particular person or legal entity.
• Lien: A claim against real or personal property in satisfaction of a debt.
• Litigation: A case, controversy, or lawsuit. Participants (plaintiffs and defendants) in lawsuits are called litigants.
• master settlement agreement: has the meaning set forth in IC 24-3-3-6. See Indiana Code 4-12-5-2
• master settlement agreement: has the meaning set forth in IC 24-3-3-6. See Indiana Code 4-12-6-2
• minor: means a person less than eighteen (18) years of age. See Indiana Code 1-1-4-5
• Month: means a calendar month, unless otherwise expressed. See Indiana Code 1-1-4-5
• Mortgage: The written agreement pledging property to a creditor as collateral for a loan.
• non-English dominant students: means students who have difficulty performing in classes conducted solely in English because:

  Indiana Code 20-30-9-4

• Oath: A promise to tell the truth.
• Oath: includes "affirmation" and "to swear" includes to "affirm". See Indiana Code 1-1-4-5
• Obligation: An order placed, contract awarded, service received, or similar transaction during a given period that will require payments during the same or a future period.
• Oral argument: An opportunity for lawyers to summarize their position before the court and also to answer the judges' questions.
• organization: means any youth organization listed in Title 36 of the United States Code that has an educational purpose and promotes patriotism and civic involvement. See Indiana Code 20-26-20-1
• original school corporation: refers to a school corporation in which a homeless student's school of origin is located. See Indiana Code 20-27-12-1
• Outlays: Outlays are payments made (generally through the issuance of checks or disbursement of cash) to liquidate obligations. Outlays during a fiscal year may be for payment of obligations incurred in prior years or in the same year.
• Oversight: Committee review of the activities of a Federal agency or program.
• panel: refers to the case review panel established under section 6 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 20-26-14-3
• participating entities: means the following:

  Indiana Code 4-12-14-3

• Partnership: A voluntary contract between two or more persons to pool some or all of their assets into a business, with the agreement that there will be a proportional sharing of profits and losses.
• Personal property: All property that is not real property.
• Personal property: includes goods, chattels, evidences of debt, and things in action. See Indiana Code 1-1-4-5
• plan: refers to a student learning recovery plan developed by an eligible entity under section 8 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 20-32-8.7-3
• Pleadings: Written statements of the parties in a civil case of their positions. In the federal courts, the principal pleadings are the complaint and the answer.
• Population: has the meaning set forth in Indiana Code 1-1-4-5
• Precedent: A court decision in an earlier case with facts and law similar to a dispute currently before a court. Precedent will ordinarily govern the decision of a later similar case, unless a party can show that it was wrongly decided or that it differed in some significant way.
• Preliminary hearing: A hearing where the judge decides whether there is enough evidence to make the defendant have a trial.
• President pro tempore: A constitutionally recognized officer of the Senate who presides over the chamber in the absence of the Vice President. The President Pro Tempore (or, "president for a time") is elected by the Senate and is, by custom, the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service.
• Presiding officer: A majority-party Senator who presides over the Senate and is charged with maintaining order and decorum, recognizing Members to speak, and interpreting the Senate's rules, practices and precedents.
• Probable cause: A reasonable ground for belief that the offender violated a specific law.
• Probate: Proving a will
• Probation: A sentencing alternative to imprisonment in which the court releases convicted defendants under supervision as long as certain conditions are observed.
• program: refers to the transition to teaching program established by section 2 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 20-28-4-1
• program: refers to the high school equivalency pilot program established by section 6 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 20-30-8.5-3
• program: refers to the remediation grant program established under this chapter. See Indiana Code 20-32-8-2
• program: refers to the student learning recovery grant program established by section 5 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 20-32-8.7-4
• program organizer: means the following:

  Indiana Code 20-30-8-4

• Property: includes personal and real property. See Indiana Code 1-1-4-5
• Prosecute: To charge someone with a crime. A prosecutor tries a criminal case on behalf of the government.
• provider: means a current grantee receiving WIOA Title II money from the department of workforce development and that provides academic instruction and education services at the elementary or high school level that:

  Indiana Code 20-30-8.5-4

• Public defender: Represent defendants who can't afford an attorney in criminal matters.
• public school: means the following:

  Indiana Code 20-26-20-2

• qualified school: means the following:

  Indiana Code 20-26-21-1

• qualified school: has the meaning set forth in IC 20-26-21-1. See Indiana Code 20-33-1.5-1
• Quorum: The number of legislators that must be present to do business.
• Real property: Land, and all immovable fixtures erected on, growing on, or affixed to the land.
• real property: include lands, tenements, and hereditaments. See Indiana Code 1-1-4-5
• Recess: A temporary interruption of the legislative business.
• recognition program: refers to a system by which a school is recognized for the school's performance, including programs established by statute, rule, or department policy. See Indiana Code 20-31-12-1
• Recourse: An arrangement in which a bank retains, in form or in substance, any credit risk directly or indirectly associated with an asset it has sold (in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles) that exceeds a pro rata share of the bank's claim on the asset. If a bank has no claim on an asset it has sold, then the retention of any credit risk is recourse. ^{Source: FDIC}
• Remainder: An interest in property that takes effect in the future at a specified time or after the occurrence of some event, such as the death of a life tenant.
• Remand: When an appellate court sends a case back to a lower court for further proceedings.
• Reporter: Makes a record of court proceedings and prepares a transcript, and also publishes the court's opinions or decisions (in the courts of appeals).
• reporting year: refers to the period beginning October 1 of a year and ending September 30 of the following year. See Indiana Code 20-26-13-7
• requisite proficiency: refers to the satisfaction by a student of the standards approved by the state board under section 4(a)(3) of this chapter to receive a secondary level certificate of achievement in an academic field. See Indiana Code 20-32-3-1
• Restitution: The court-ordered payment of money by the defendant to the victim for damages caused by the criminal action.
• road: includes an alley, a public highway, and a street. See Indiana Code 4-20.5-11-2
• school: means the following:

  Indiana Code 20-30-5.6-4

• school: means any of the following:

  Indiana Code 20-30-17-1

• school corporation: includes :

  Indiana Code 20-28-11.5-3

• school corporation: means the following:

  Indiana Code 20-30-16-4

• school of origin: means the school:

  Indiana Code 20-27-12-2

• school resource officer: means a law enforcement officer who:

  Indiana Code 20-26-18.2-1

• Settlement: Parties to a lawsuit resolve their difference without having a trial. Settlements often involve the payment of compensation by one party in satisfaction of the other party's claims.
• Sheriff: means the sheriff of the county or another person authorized to perform sheriff's duties. See Indiana Code 1-1-4-5
• state: means any of the following:

  Indiana Code 4-15-17-3

• state agency: has the meaning set forth in IC 4-13-1-1(b). See Indiana Code 4-12-13-1
• state agency: has the meaning set forth in Indiana Code 20-33-1.5-2
• state educational institution: has the meaning set forth in IC 21-7-13-32. See Indiana Code 20-26-7.1-2.3
• Statute: A law passed by a legislature.
• student: refers to a student who is enrolled in a school corporation in at least grade 6. See Indiana Code 20-30-4-1
• student: refers to a student who meets the following conditions:

  Indiana Code 20-32-3-2

• student: means any individual who is enrolled in a school corporation. See Indiana Code 20-32-8-3
• student: means an individual who is enrolled in a school described in section 0. See Indiana Code 20-32-8.5-0.7
• subject or skill areas: refers to specific and identifiable technically related and academically related subjects or skills. See Indiana Code 20-32-3-3
• sublease: refers to an agreement between the budget agency and Columbus Learning Center Management Corporation to lease space in the Columbus Learning Center for use by the participating entities. See Indiana Code 4-12-14-4
• Subpoena: A command to a witness to appear and give testimony.
• Testator: A male person who leaves a will at death.
• Testify: Answer questions in court.
• Testimony: Evidence presented orally by witnesses during trials or before grand juries.
• Transcript: A written, word-for-word record of what was said, either in a proceeding such as a trial or during some other conversation, as in a transcript of a hearing or oral deposition.
• transitional school corporation: refers to a school corporation in which a homeless student temporarily stays. See Indiana Code 20-27-12-3
• Trial: A hearing that takes place when the defendant pleads "not guilty" and witnesses are required to come to court to give evidence.
• Trustee: A person or institution holding and administering property in trust.
• United States: includes the District of Columbia and the commonwealths, possessions, states in free association with the United States, and the territories. See Indiana Code 1-1-4-5
• Uphold: The decision of an appellate court not to reverse a lower court decision.
• Venue: The geographical location in which a case is tried.
• Verified: when applied to pleadings, means supported by oath or affirmation in writing. See Indiana Code 1-1-4-5
• violation: refers to a violation of a state rule adopted by an agency or a state statute, except for a violation exempt under section 2 of this chapter. See Indiana Code 4-21.5-2.5-5
• virtual instruction: means instruction that is provided in an interactive learning environment created through technology in which the student is separated from a teacher by time or space, or both. See Indiana Code 20-30-2-1.5
• WIOA: refers to the federal Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act. See Indiana Code 20-30-8.5-5
• Year: means a calendar year, unless otherwise expressed. See Indiana Code 1-1-4-5